1. a) Why are Bühler, Kohlberg, Erikson, and Gilligan’s approaches to development regarded as part of humanistic psychology (what makes them ‘humanistic’)?

b) How did Martin Seligman investigate the learned helplessness phenomenon in a two-factor avoidance conditioning experiment?

Please answer each part of the question by your thinking rather than copying the whole from the material you already post. Thus, make the answer by your own knowledge if you have a faculty of psychology to answer this question by their own thinking.