What challenges do you see with this transition role change and what strategies will you engage in to deal with these changes?

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What challenges do you see with this transition role change and what strategies will you engage in to deal with these changes?

 

As you are nearing the completion of your program, many of you will have been employed in various roles, from assistants in nursing, carers or enrolled nurses, to working in the hospitality/retail sector. Some of you may not have been employed at all. Many of you will know by now whether or not you are employed next year as a graduate nurse.
What challenges do you see with this transition role change and what strategies will you engage in to deal with these changes?
You are permitted to write in first person for the above question, with of course, reference to the literature to support your ideas.
The answer should not exceed 400 words. Please don’t go above 400 words. Please see below the comments from my teacher from the last assignment. Please take care of the following comments. Main concern is the format of it. These assignments require you to discuss the issues. Providing dot points is a somewhat limiting way of presenting your discussion. It minimises your ability to demonstrate critical analysis skills. Please consider using paragraphs and deepening your discussion in future assignments. Many statements throughout this paper are not referenced. It is important, especially at this stage of your course that you correctly and appropriately reference your sources of information

Discuss factors, such as market competition, supply and demand, and government, that relate on levels of medical technology diffusion. What are relationships between the factors and technology diffusion?

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Discuss factors, such as market competition, supply and demand, and government, that relate on levels of medical technology diffusion. What are relationships between the factors and technology diffusion?

 

Healthcare

1.What impact has technology had on access to, quality of, and cost of medical care?

2. Discuss factors, such as market competition, supply and demand, and government, that relate on levels of medical technology diffusion. What are relationships between the factors and technology diffusion?

3. Which factors have been responsible for the low diffusion and low use of telemedicine?

Describe the sample, demographics, data collection process, setting, and the instrument, tool, or survey used in the articles.

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Describe the sample, demographics, data collection process, setting, and the instrument, tool, or survey used in the articles.

Use the Week 4 research template(I am attaching research template) to complete the following assignment tasks.

•Choose the assigned research articles from W2 Assignment 2. Describe the sample, demographics, data collection process, setting, and the instrument, tool, or survey used in the articles. (I am going to attach the articles).

Article 1: Park, M., Cho, S., & Hong, H. (2015). Prevalence and perpetrators of workplace violence by nursing unit and the relationship between violence and the perceived work environment. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 47(1), 87-95. doi: 10.1111/jnu.12112.

Article 2: Turk, M., Fapohunda, A., & Zoucha, R. (2015). Using photovoice to explore Nigerian immigrants’ eating and physical activity in the United States. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 47(1), 16-24. doi: 10.1111/jnu.12105

•Discuss the authors’ summary about the validity and reliability of the instrument.

Cite all sources in APA format.

Assignment 2 Grading Criteria

1. Described the sample in the studies chosen in W2 Assignment 2.

2. Described the sample characteristics (demographics) in the study.

3. Discussed the data collection process used in the studies.

4. Identified the sampling design.

5. Described the instrument or tool or survey used in the articles.

6. Summarized the discussion regarding the validity and reliability of the instrument in each article.

7. Discussed the legal and ethical concerns as well as the IRB approval.

Impacts of Weight Stigma in Healthcare

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Literature Review


Weight Stigma



Weight stigma is the social rejection, judgement, or devaluation of an individual on the basis of their weight (Blodorn, Major, Hunger, & Carol, 2016). Historically western beauty standards have perceived thin women positively and perceived heavy women negatively (Blodorn et al, 2016), perpetuating stereotypes of the overweight population (O’Brien et al, 2016). Currently overweight and obese individuals comprise the majority of the American adult population, but are increasingly affected by weight stigma (Schafer & Ferraro, 2011). Perceived weight stigma threatens an effected individual’s feeling of security within a society and leads to social rejection (Blodorn et al, 2016).


Social rejection.

Bodily differences can lead to social rejection, altering the perception of one’s self-identity (Goffman, 1963). Self-preservation theory states judgement and devaluation is internalized as a threat to life (Himmelstein et. al, 2015). Perceived threats produce bodily arousal to face the dangerous situation and subsequent feelings of shame (Rohleder, Chen, Wolf, & Miller, 2008).  Research indicates that bodily arousal leads to worsened health outcomes overtime (Rohleder et al, 2008) and consequently increases risk for physical and psychological impacts (Blodorn et al, 2016).


Impacts of Weight Stigma

Stigmatizing individuals on the basis of their weight can produce negative psychological and physiological effects (Himmelstein, Puhl, & Quinn, 2018). Psychological impacts include increased self-consciousness, weakened self-esteem (Blodorn et al, 2016), increased body dissatisfaction, and increased psychological stress (O’Brien et al, 2016). The psychological stress produced may alter typical physiological responses, leading to further functional disturbances (Blodorn et al, 2016).


Psychological disorders.

Women facing discrimination are at risk for developing psychiatric disorders (Blodorn et al, 2016). Depressive disorders may develop (Hunger & Major, 2014) involving a low mood, cognitive distortions, emptiness or irritability that interferes with daily functioning (American Psychiatric Association APA, 2013). Anxiety disorders may occur (Hunger & Major, 2014), producing disturbances in thought and behavior (APA, 2013). Anxiety disorders stem from insistent worry, causing arousal of the autonomous nervous system (APA, 2013). Bodily symptoms of restlessness, lethargy, and muscle tension may result (APA, 2013). Stigmatized individuals may avoid anxiety-inducing situations to avoid symptoms leading to an interference with daily activities (Drury & Louis, 2002). Stigma can lead to eating disturbances and eating disorders (Himmelstein, Puhl, & Quinn, 2018). Eating disorders are disturbances in eating behaviors that impair cognitive and physiological processes (APA, 2013). Binge-eating disorder, a disorder marked by uncontrolled eating, is often associated with overweight and obese individuals (APA, 2013).  The diagnostic criteria for binge-eating disorder is independent of weight, and is not present in all overweight individuals (APA, 2013). Mental health issues are a separate form of stigmatization from weight stigma, which can further negative effects on self-perception, ability, and place in society (Sickel, Seacat, & Nabors, 2014). Research indicates healthy lifestyle behaviors combined with positive affect protect against the impacts of weight stigma (Himmelstein et al, 2018). Mental health plays an important mediating role in managing physical effects in the weight-stigmatized population (Himmelstein et al, 2018).


Stress.

Weight stigma induced emotional stress can increase oxidative stress levels in the body (Blodorn et al, 2016). Oxidative stress is an imbalance between antioxidants and oxygen in the body leading to chronic conditions such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammatory diseases (Prieser, 2012). Additional repercussions include increased blood pressure, increased cortisol levels, and weakened executive function (Blodorn et al, 2016). Executive functions are responsibilities of the frontal lobe involving processes of cognition and memory (Blair, 2017).



Cortisol.


Cortisol is a hormone secreted in times of stress (Soravia & F. de Quervain, 2012). It is secreted by the adrenal gland located in the frontal lobe (Blair, 2017). Cortisol’s inverse relationship with executive function may explain confusion regarding memories of stressful events (Soravia & F. de Quervain, 2012). Individuals who face weight discrimination may misremember the incident, magnifying a negative perception of a potentially neutral situation (Soravia & F. de Quervain, 2012). Research indicates cortisol secretion levels and self-perception of stigma are positively correlated (Himmelstein, Incollingo Belsky, & Tomiyama, 2015). The positive correlation results from previously defined self-preservation theory (Himmelstein et. al, 2015). The increase in perception of weight stigma causes a subsequent increase in cortisol levels, which may increase appetite and caloric intake (Himmelstein et al., 2015). The relationship between overeating and weight stigmatization may elevate the risk of obesity (Blodorn et. al, 2016). Cortisol influences fat-deposit storage, leading excess fat to be stored in the abdomen (Himmelstein et. al, 2015).



Metabolic syndrome.


Excess abdominal fat from cortisol secretion puts an individual at risk for developing metabolic syndrome (Constantinopoulos et. al, 2015). Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions that may lead to debilitating ailments including heart disease and cancer (Reaven, 1988). Insulin resistance, increased inflammatory responses, increased blood pressure, and increased blood sugar resulting from metabolic syndrome may further perpetuate weight gain (Wasko, 2015). Abdominal fat associated with metabolic syndrome is not easy to lose due to underlying physiological changes (Wasko, 2015). Decreased motivation towards (Hunger & Major, 2014) and avoidance of (Himmelstein et. al, 2018) physical activity in the overweight population may further lead to the maintenance of cortisol-induced abdominal weight. Metabolic syndrome is dangerous and must be addressed promptly by the healthcare system (Wasko, 2015).


Weight Stigma in Healthcare

Overweight individuals may be less likely to seek psychological or physical treatment for their health concerns due to perceived weight stigma in the healthcare industry (Himmelstein et. al., 2015). Research indicates among overweight women there is a positive relationship between body mass index and delaying healthcare treatment (Drury & Louis, 2002). Healthcare professional’s inaccurate perceptions of the overweight population lead to further stigmatization (Drury & Louis, 2002) demonstrating a critical need for sensitive and informed care (Puhl & Suh, 2015).


Bias.

Healthcare professionals’ express attitudes of frustration and bias towards overweight individuals (Phelan et al, 2015). Research indicates professionals demonstrating high levels of weight bias assign high levels of negative characteristics to their overweight patients (Phelan et al, 2015). Healthcare professionals have a negative perception of overweight patients (Drury & Louis, 2002) attributing lack of will-power (Wear, Aultman, Varley, & Zarconi, 2006) and gluttony (Puhl & Suh) to their condition. Obesity is viewed professionally as avoidable, leading to feelings of discrimination and annoyance among healthcare professionals (Phelan et al, 2015). Patient’s may be discussed among professional colleagues in a derogatory or cynical manner (Wear et al, 2006). Negative discussions about the overweight population may strengthen stigma and lessen the patient’s trust in the healthcare system (Wear et al, 2006).


Communication.

Healthcare professional’s implicit and explicit bias negatively impact patient-doctor communication (Phelan et al, 2015). Verbal and physical communication exhibited by both the patient and healthcare professional effect perceptions of each other (Street Jr., Gordon, & Haidet, 2007). Research indicates healthcare providers favor patients who have strong communication skills (Street Jr. et al, 2007). Communication skills in stigmatized populations may be weakened in a healthcare setting due to stigma anxieties (Persky & Eccleston, 2011). Utilizing fat-phobic and stigmatizing language should be avoided for respect and quality care (Puhl & Suh, 2015). Research suggests healthcare providers utilizing sensitive language and communication make a positive impact on stigmatized patients’ treatment-seeking behavior (Puhl & Suh, 2015).


Misunderstanding.

Biased professionals may minimize patient health problems by attributing most concerns to their weight (Phelan et al, 2015). Unsolicited and oversimplified weight loss advice may further invalidate the patient’s concerns (Phelan et al, 2015). Research indicates that overweight individuals are more likely to be prescribed lifestyle changes over medication compared to typical-weight patients (Persky & Eccleston, 2011). Excess abdominal fat in the overweight population is persistent (Wasko, 2015) and difficult to lose by doctor’s standard recommendations of diet and exercise (Hall et al, 2012). Inaccurate and unwanted advice may lead to mutual frustration and miscommunication among patient and healthcare professionals (Street Jr. et al, 2007). Perceived stigma may lead to health care avoidance eliminating preventative care and worsening preexisting health conditions (Phelan et al, 2015).


Current Study

A study seeking to improve healthcare professionals understanding of the overweight patients has yet to be evaluated in the literature. Research suggests that stigma may be perceived even in the absence of explicit discrimination (Phelan et al, 2015) demonstrating the critical need for awareness of healthcare professional’s weight biases. Diet and exercise are commonly prescribed to the overweight population (Hall et al, 2012) demonstrating a lack of empirical understanding of the population’s weight and subsequent physical challenges (Wasko, 2015). The proposed study seeks to evaluate the role of bias in healthcare treatment of the overweight population.

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Exploring Perspectives on Health and Illness

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Write an essay explaining and evaluating how and to what extent a particular life course stage can add to the understandings of health and illness provided by, biology, sociology and psychology.

This essay aims to explain the life course stage of adolescence and how it can add to the understanding of type 1 diabetes, by utilizing the lenses of sociology biology and psychology. This will be achieved by drawing on supportive evidence to support my statements. I have chosen adolescence as I find the transition from childhood to adolescence very interesting and challenging on both a personal and professional level. Being the parent of a teenager and working with them as a student nurse, I hope to gain knowledge and insight of adolescence and the challenges they face. In order to provide the best care and enable the transition to be an easier one.

Life transitions are critical times of transformation. (Bengston et al, (2005 cited by Rogers 2019) defines the life course as a sequence of age-linked transitions that are embedded in social institutions and history. The life course approach to health acknowledges key stages in people’s lives which have relevance to their health. Human development is characterized by numerous biological, psychological and sociological processes each with different aspects of importance at different stages. (The WHO, 2019) defines Adolescence as the period of transition from childhood to adulthood and one of the most rapid phases of human development in individuals between 10-19 years. Physical changes are noticed first with the onset of puberty Bailey (2006, cited by Higham, 2019a).  A surge in sexual hormones causes reproductive organs to function. Height and weight also increase which can cause issues among some teenagers.

During this period, cognitive development also increases and the ability to reflect upon the concept of self and others. This would affect how relationships are formed and interaction between family members and peers.  According to Jean Piaget from age 11 to the end of adolescence individuals develop the ability to think abstractly and grasp the concept of probabilities Piaget (1932, cited by Bailey, 2006a). Every developing young person progresses at a personal pace and have their own personal view of the world around them. This period of transition imposes unique challenges for any young person and their families but when the young person is diagnosed with a chronic illness such as Type 1 diabetes the challenges can become a lot more difficult.

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic and potentially life-threatening condition (Higham, 2019b). Living with the condition can be viewed as a complex and profound personal experience Roper et al (2009,

cited by Higham, 2019

b) Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body destroys the beta cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, causing abnormalities in carbohydrate ,fat and protein metabolism (Higham, 2019c). As a result, treatment of insulin is needed to maintain blood glucose levels. Management of diabetes requires a strict monitoring regime which includes self-monitoring of glucose levels, meal planning and exercise (Higham, 2019c). This can be quite challenging as social eating events are very common among teenagers and the idea of ‘counting carbohydrates’ might be embarrassing whilst trying to fit in to a peer group. The girl in the video recalls becoming depressed as she was not allowed to eat the same things as her friends, she felt like her control started to slip because of teenage pressures (Higham, 2019d). The UK has the 5th highest population of children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (Diabetes.co.uk, 2013) but it’s during the adolescent period where it becomes hard to manage (Higham, 2019a). A new less stringent eating regime has been developed called the DAFNE programme (Dose Adjusted for Normal Eating). It equips those with skills how to count carbohydrates within their diet. This will enable them to eat as normal as possible and adjust their dose of insulin accordingly and maintain glycaemic control  DAFNE (2010, cited in Higham, 2019e) Diabetes management needs a lot of self-discipline and is considered as being extremely demanding, but if not managed well can have long term complications in later life.

Social issues during adolescence have a major influence in the management of Type 1 diabetes and how it impacts on overall health and illness across the life course. Relationships formed with family, peers and health professionals play a key role and can either have a positive or negative affect on the young person. It can be a time of frustration for parents as some adolescent’s rebel against parental authority in search for their own identity. Coleman (2011, cited by Higham, 2019f) recognizes that the main goal for young people is to be free from parental restraint and achieve control over their own life Coleman (2011, cited by Higham, 2019f). However (Rutter et al. 1998) states that consistently authoritative parenting styles are shown to have the most beneficial effect on adolescent development since this includes warmth, structure and support for autonomy. Rutter et.al. (1998, cited by Higham, 2019a). Laura from video 12.4 finds her mums control with her diabetes causes major conflict as she would blame herself if something happened (Higham, 2019g). Conflict also happens when families are faced with stress due to environmental factors or where there is an impairment in parental capacity Bailey (2006, cited by Higham, 2019a) Adolescents tend to spend more time away from home and the social focus turns to developing relations with friends their own age. The peer group can have a major influence during adolescence which can determine how they manage their condition. There can be many young people who feel isolated from a group because of their condition which can cause loneliness and can lead to mental issues in later life.  However, some young people are afraid to disclose they have the condition and give into peer pressures and risky behaviours leading to poor glycaemic control. (Higham,2019h).

Adolescents with type 1 diabetes face a number of psychological challenges and stressors as a result of their illness. They must discover and find their own identity whilst struggling with environmental influences and try to manage a chronic illness. Today’s adolescent’s it could be argued are even more vulnerable due to the rapid changes in technology and multicultural influences in society. Young people are put under more pressure to act and look a certain way and conform to societal demands. A recent study found that 50% of type 1 diabetics were diagnosed with a mental illness most commonly depression within the 1

st

year of diagnosis (Goad, 2015) Self-esteem has a powerful influence on their ability to deal with stress Bailey (2006, cited by Higham, 2019a). A young person with low self-esteem and poor motivation is at risk of poor disease management which can lead to lifelong complications. Body image causes a great deal of anxiety among adolescents with diabetes. Especially when they lose weight rapidly before diagnosis and then re-gain the weight after treatment has started (Higham, 2019a). This can cause eating disorders especially among young women. A condition called diabulimia is related to people with diabetes, who mismanage insulin in order to lose weight Philpot (2013,

cited by Higham, 2019a). Over 70% of premature deaths in adults resulted from poor behaviours started in adolescence. (The WHO ,2008)

The three perspectives of biology, sociology and psychology helps are overall understanding of health and illness throughout the life course.  It offers a holistic view of the person as an individual at this specific stage of adolescence. To achieve the goal of holistic care a person-centred process is required that encapsulates the desires and goals of the individual. The healthcare professional must work in partnership with the young person and their families in order to identify, needs, fears or concerns they may have. This approach to health will help adolescents in their transition from child to adult services as this can sometimes be a traumatic event. The Department of Health (2008 cited by Higham, 2019h) recognises that a proper planned transition that puts the young person at the centre, improves health, educational and social outcomes. Saylor (2004, cited by Watson, 2019a) believes holistic health gives a more rounded view of how the ‘mind, body and spirit’ integrate

. Nice guidelines

recommend that young people with type 1 diabetes should be offered an ongoing integrated care package by a multidisciplinary care team in order to facilitate a smooth transition and improve long term outcomes. (Nice, 2016).

In conclusion adolescents are a complicated group who have needs different from both adults and children. The information gathered from the 3 perspectives helps us to recognise that there is more to health than just treating the illness. The overall wellbeing of the of the young person and their families must be considered. A care plan must be put in place that is tailored to the individual needs and achievable goals of the person. Adolescents must be educated in all aspects of their condition and encouraged to accept responsibility for their own level of wellbeing, and everyday choices that effect their health. We must work in partnership with members of a wider multi-disciplinary team to ensure prompt action from referrals if any issues arise.


REFERENCES

Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease: Diagnosis- Treatment and Management

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What is GERD?


GERD stands for gastro-esophageal reflux disease. It is also known as gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), gastric reflux disease, or acid reflux disease. It is common, but it’s a chronic disorder that effects the digestive system. Basically, it’s like acid reflux but is more serious and long-lasting. GERD occurs when stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the esophagus due to a weakened or abnormally relaxed sphincter, which causes irritation and inflammation. A level of GERD is an ordinary physiological procedure, and the esophagus can be susceptible to acidic gastric substance up to 5% of the time. These occurrences are normally concise and don’t cause symptoms. GERD turns into a disease when the acid reflux turns out to be progressively unmistakable bringing about symptoms and/or problems. There are many factors that can increase one’s risk for GERD. This include; pregnancy, obesity, scleroderma, delayed stomach emptying, smoking cigarettes, hiatus hernia, and etc. There are also foods and beverages that can trigger GERD. For instance; chocolate, coffee, alcoholic beverages, fried or fatty food, and etc. Additionally, certain medications cause GERD too. Including; sedatives, nitrates, alpha blockers, anti-inflammatories, and calcium channel blockers. Furthermore, there are many symptoms of GERD. Indigestion and heartburn being the most common. However, in some cases heart burn can be a sign of another serious condition. Additionally, other symptoms include; respiratory problems, difficulty swallowing, belching, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, and etc. 15%-30% of the population has had GERD. The number of hospitalizations for GERD has increased. This mainly includes women, babies, and children 2-years-old to 17-years-old.




Testing and Diagnosis


There are many tests available to diagnose GERD. Examples include; standard endoscopy, endoscopy with tissue biopsy, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), X-ray with barium swallow, ambulatory acid (pH) monitoring probe test, esophageal motility test. An endoscopy is operated to look at the stomach and esophagus by imbedding a long, narrow and adaptable tube down a patient’s throat, generally while the patient is tranquilized. There is an light and camera toward the end of the tube to take photos. Endoscopies are significant for looking at harm done by gastric reflux. Five to ten times each year GERD patients might be encouraged to have endoscopies. For increasingly precise testing of how damaged the esophageal lining tissue is, a biopsy can be done. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a sort of endoscopy performed when a patient does not react to prescribed medications to treat GERD or has extreme symptoms. The X-ray with barium swallow is otherwise called an upper gastrointestinal series. The digestive tract is coated by the barium to outline the shape of the esophagus and duodenum. X-ray pictures are then taken of the upper gastrointestinal tract with the barium covering. The ambulatory acid (pH) monitoring probe test is the most ideal test. By taking measures of the acidity in the esophagus this test decides to what extent a patient has been encountering gastric reflux. In this test, a dainty and adaptable tube with a pH screen toward the end is imbedded in the nose and down the esophagus. The screen detects the pH level in the esophagus all through a 48-hour time frame and the dimensions are recorded in a little device worn on the hip. During the testing, patients are advised to refrain from taking their GERD medication. An esophageal motility test analyzes the motility and tension of the throat. A narrow and adaptable tube is imbedded in the nose and down the throat. To find out the severity of the patient’s GERD, a probe toward the end of the tube evaluates the manner in which the esophagus moves.




Treatment Options


There are ways to treat GERD. Antacids are one way. Alone, it doesn’t actually heal the damaged esophagus, but it does neutralize stomach acid. However, overusing them can come with side affects that include diarrhea and maybe even kidney problems. Then you have medications that are used to reduce acid production known as H-2 receptor blocker. Examples includes; cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine, and ranitidine. For up to 12 hours they can decrease production of acid. On the other hand, they don’t act as quickly as antacids. In addition, there’s also medication that aids in blocking production and healing the esophagus. These are known as proton pump inhibitors which are stronger than H-2 receptor blockers. OTC proton pump inhibitors includes; lansoprazole and omeprazole. Furthermore, there are prescription strength medications as well. For instance; prescription-strength H-2-receptor blockers, prescription-strength proton pump inhibitors, and medications that strengthens the lower esophageal sphincter. Equally important, there are also surgery options. First, fundoplication is a surgery in which the fundus is wrapped around esophagus and sewn into place to tighten the muscle which aids in preventing reflux. Secondly, there’s a LINX device which is a ring of magnetic titanium beads wrapped around the lower esophageal sphincter. The magnetic attraction is strong enough to keep from allowing reflux acid into the junction, but weak enough to make a way for food to enter.




Plan of Action


Reducing reflux acid is not a big problem. There are steps people can take in order to remain not a victim of GERD or help with their condition if they are a condition of GERD. Maintaining a healthy weight is one. Having excess weight can push up one’s stomach, that then causes acid to reflux into the esophagus. Also, refrain from smoking so the lower esophageal sphincter will continue to function properly. Thirdly, wait a couple hours before lying down or going to bed after a meal. Fourthly, eat slowly and be sure to chew food thoroughly before swallowing. Moreover, avoid foods and drinks that trigger reflux acid. As well as, clothes that fit too tight around the waist area.




Works Cited


Acute Abdominal Pain

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Acute Abdominal Pain

Acute Abdominal Pain Essay Help

Needs to be Word doc. Length no greater than 4 pages (excluding Title and Reference pg) Has to have headings: Introduction, Summary of Article, Evaluation of Article, and Conclusion. What was done well & what could be improved? Why did it interest you? Was the assessment strategy beneficial? Should more research be written in this area? What population does this article apply to?

ANSWER Acute Abdominal Pain Today, nurses are the first healthcare professionals to attend to patients with abdominal pain, whether in outpatient clinics, surgical wards, or walk-in centers. This is because conventional professional operational boundaries are no longer preset in the modern health care climate. Most nurses at all levels assess and treat patients before a medical consultation is conducted. Therefore, it is very significant and desirable that registered nurses maintain traditional assessment and in addition have the ability to initiate tests, ask the correct questions and execute proper treatment to make sure patient experience is efficient. The following paper focuses on analyzing and evaluating the article on acute abdominal pain. The article reviews various causes of abdominal pain, from plain to compound presentations. The article further highlights numerous psychological and physiological needs patients with abdominal pain require.

The article focuses on the role nurses play in patient assessment, management, and history taking. The article provides the reader with a description the physiology and anatomy of organs related with abdominal pain, the major causes of abdominal pain with various diagnoses, patient consultation questions, provide proper assessment and nursing care to patients, and understand the rule of symptom management. Abdominal pain or disorder may involve one or many organs in the abdominal opening.

The cavity comprises of spleen, liver, stomach, gall bladder, kidneys, large and small intestine (Cole & Lynch, 2005). Nurses should be able to understand the abdominal anatomy of its organs when assessing their patients. When conducting a clinical assessment, the abdomen is sub-divided in four quadrants, the upper left and right quadrants, and lower right and left quadrants. Identification of the abdominal pain becomes easier as patients can localize the position of their pain with the quadrants. The right upper quadrant comprises of gall bladder, duodenum, right lobe of the liver, and the head of the pancreas.

The left upper quadrant comprises of the stomach, left lobe of the liver, and spleen. The right lower quadrant comprises of caecum, appendix, and sections of the colon. About 50 percent general surgical admissions are acute surgical urgent situations r emergencies (Cole & Lynch, 2005). Approximately, 25 percent of the surgical emergencies account for abdominal surgeries. This article gives a summary of the causes of abdominal pain and does not exhaust all the causes. Appendicitis is the most general surgical emergency, which is the swelling of the appendix, which begins with pain around the umbilicus. It is accompanied with several symptoms that may include vomiting, loss of appetite, occasional diarrhea, and constipation (Cole & Lynch, 2005). Biliary colic refers to a symptom caused by common bile canal hindrance caused by gallstones.

Most victims are female and fat. Pain is concentrated in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen and the epigastria stretching to the back. Pain is sudden and severe with interval phases as it occurs and vomiting is common a symptom (Cole & Lynch, 2005). Bowel obstruction refers to a situation where the small and large intestines are blocked. Patients express symptoms of abdominal pain, vomiting, and a distended abdomen. The cause of obstruction is the impacted volvulus, tumors, and faeces. Cholecystitis refers to the acute swelling of the gall bladder, which is caused by primarily cholesterol and stones comprised of mixed chemical composition (Cole & Lynch, 2005). Pain is concentrated in the upper right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Symptoms associated with Cholecystitis are nausea, fever, vomiting, and anorexia. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage is a common cause of acute surgical medical appointment and is mostly associated with vomiting of blood (haematemesis) (Cole & Lynch, 2005).

Patients may experience shock, collapse, and hypotension. Vomiting is a common symptom with the gastric ulcers. In the event of alcohol or non-steroidal drugs consumption, bleeding may occur. Symptoms associated with the disease are dehydration, nausea, pyrexia, and vomiting (Cole & Lynch, 2005). Gynecological emergencies are defined as gynecological disorders accompanied by acute abdominal pain. The diagnosis of this situation explains traditional endometriosis, ovarian cysts and pregnancy abortions. The pelvic swelling disease is the universal term describing the swelling of the pelvic organs caused by gonococcal or Chlamydia infection (Cole & Lynch, 2005). The infection multiplies from the cervix to fallopian tubes, uterus, ovaries, and adjacent pelvic organs. Most cases are sexually transmitted and involve sexually dynamic women aged between 15 to 25 years. Symptoms associated are vaginal discharge, abdominal pain, vomiting, and nausea. Hepatitis is also a possible cause of abdominal pain (Cole & Lynch, 2005). It affects the liver, where patients experience abdominal pain concentrated in the right upper quadrant. Hepatitis is an infectious disease and is mostly transmitted in urine, blood, and food.

Symptoms associated with hepatitis are pale stool, urticaria, jaundice, and loss of appetite. Leaking abdominal aortic aneurysm is also a possible cause of abdominal pain, where the elastin wall degenerates (Cole & Lynch, 2005). The condition is characterized by sudden severe abdominal pain and additional back pain that occurs over a long period. Pancreatitis could be another cause of acute abdominal pain, where the pancreas swells. Alcoholism and gallstones account for over half of pancreatitis cases globally (Cole & Lynch, 2005). Associated symptoms include nausea, vomiting, headache, paleness, and loss of appetite. Peritonitis is the swelling of the peritoneum. Keen patient assessment and history taking are significant and necessary for proper patient treatment. The deepness of the patient assessment will depend on the nurses level of professionalism or experience in the health care profession (Cole & Lynch, 2005). However, regardless of their level or experience there are particular assessment questions that the patient should be asked to ensuring they have the best experience and treatment (Cole & Lynch, 2005). Some of the questions that should be asked are about associated symptoms, pain, medical history, family and social history. On diagnosing patients with abdominal pain, their psychological and physical need ought to be met, in spite of associate symptoms or situations. However, while providing the required needs there is need to maintain dignity, privacy, and consider fluid balance (Cole & Lynch, 2005). Patients mostly are worried about their condition and the possible outcomes: whether they will recover or not so psychological support is highly needed. The nurse should also monitor the patients basic signs like temperature, blood pressure, heart beat rate, and respiratory rate.

Electrocardiogram should also be applied as a nursing care for adult patients in monitoring the possible occurrence of a cardiac attack. In addition, blood tests and fluid balance should be monitored (Cole & Lynch, 2005). The article has been very beneficial since it increases ones knowledge on hoe nurses should assess, diagnose, and treat patients with abdominal pain. The article is not conclusive and exhaustive since further research could be conducted ensuring the article is conclusive and exhaustive.

The article is a summary or overview of abdominal pain (Cole & Lynch, 2005). In conclusion, abdominal pain is associated with many simple to the life threatening causes. The convolution of abdominal pain means that victims require many psychological and psychological needs. Modern registered nurses of all health care professional levels have a significant role of patient examination, assessment, management, and treatment. With the appropriate assessment, history taking, and management, patient care and treatment is expedited. References Cole, E. & Lynch, A. (2005). Assessment of the patient with acute abdominal pain. Nursing Standard, 20, 67-75. Submitting high quality Essays,Research Papers, Term Papers, is the only way students can score high grades( As). Students ought to hire professional Writing Service providers who can deliver high quality work within the allocated time.

NURS 6512 Assignment Ethical Concerns

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NURS 6512 Assignment Ethical Concerns

NURS 6512 Assignment Ethical Concerns

 

 

As an advanced practice nurse, you will run into situations where a patient’s wishes about his or her health conflict with evidence, your own experience, or a family’s wishes. This may create an ethical dilemma. What do you do when these situations occur?

In this Lab Assignment, you will explore evidence-based practice guidelines and ethical considerations for specific scenarios.

To Prepare

Review the scenarios provided by your instructor for this week’s Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your scenarios.

Based on the scenarios provided:

Select one scenario, and reflect on the material presented throughout this course.

What necessary information would need to be obtained about the patient through health assessments and diagnostic tests?

Consider how you would respond as an advanced practice nurse. Review evidence-based practice guidelines and ethical considerations applicable to the scenarios you selected.

The Lab Assignment

Write a detailed one-page narrative (not a formal paper) explaining the health assessment information required for a diagnosis of your selected patient (include the scenario number). Explain how you would respond to the scenario as an advanced practice nurse using evidence-based practice guidelines and applying ethical considerations. Justify your response using at least three different references from current evidence-based literature.

The Ethical issues in the world today Have succeeded in successfully crossing different barriers and becoming more and more present in social spaces such as family nuclei and schools, even to break into the major spheres of politics and the global economy.

With the emergence of new technologies, the advance of science and the constant trend towards consumerism and obtaining material wealth, man has gradually lost his personal, work and above all social ethics.

The way people act with themselves and with those around them, as well as their rights and responsibilities reflect today a great lack of moral conscience.

Ethics encompasses a set of principles, values ​​and beliefs of a moral nature that each human being contains within them and which are responsible for determining their course of action in the different domains of their daily life.

It is ethics that little unconscious voice that points out what is right and wrong and defines each individual how to live a good life.

However, despite the existence of an ethical code of conduct, today there are innumerable many ethical problems presented by global society.

Whether in the personal, academic, political, economic, health, technological and even environmental, ethical problems continue to emerge with great force and the list below is a clear reflection of this.

Main ethical issues around the world

Existence of diverse cultural and moral systems

Commonly called the problem of cultural relativism, it mentions how ethical principles vary from one culture to another.

One of the main ethical problems is that there is no single definition as to what is ethical for each culture.

Just as some societies tend to venerate multiple gods, practice polygamy, and do not consume some animals because they are considered sacred, Western beliefs, for example, have a different perspective of perceiving the world.

Globalization of poverty

The advance of new technologies and globalization have managed to connect to the world as never before, however, they have increased social inequalities and concentrated wealth in the hands of a small part of the population.

Hence, while some have elevated levels of quality of life, others still suffer from basic deficiencies such as lack of potable water, hunger and education.

Today, half the world’s population, about 3 billion people, live on less than $ 2.50 a day, while about 22,000 children die daily in situations of extreme poverty, as the United Nations Children’s Fund.

Inequality in access to health care

As mentioned by the World Health Organization, every human being should have the right to enjoy the highest level of health that can be achieved and have an environment that allows him to take care of himself physically and mentally.

Hence, inequality in access to health care is seen as a major ethical problem.

According to the Legatum Prosperity Index, the world’s best healthcare systems are in Canada, Qatar, France, Norway, New Zealand, Belgium, Germany, Israel, Hong Kong, Sweden, Netherlands, Japan, Switzerland, Singapore and Luxembourg.

What about the rest? Undoubtedly, lack equity and social justice.

Absence of political freedoms

Although democracy has managed to impose itself as the best system of government at the global level, today many citizens lack freedom of expression and association, security and access to quality public institutions.

In the same way that many governments continue to carry out corrupt practices regardless of the serious ethical and economic consequences that this entails for their citizens.

The latest case of more recent corruption has been reflected in Brazil where bribes, money laundering, thousands of unemployed people and protests testify to the growing lack of ethics in politics.

However, the International Transparency Index of 2016 showed that only Denmark and the United Kingdom, and Uruguay and Chile in Latin America achieved excellent results.

Increase in terrorism and wars

Attempting against the lives of others justifying this continues to be the fundamental premise of terrorist groups and some politicians, where the former base their actions on religious principles, and the latter in the pursuit of global security.

However, hundreds of thousands of citizens continue to be victims of such practices and attacks. The constant loss of civilians has become a serious ethical problem today.

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Permanence of the ecological crisis

As Hutt (2016) points out, greenhouse gas emissions have increased by 80% since the 1970s, just as atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases are higher than ever in history.

This crisis points to the great lack of environmental ethics that citizens currently possess, since all the problems that present the planet today such as pollution, global warming, acid rain, deforestation and the greenhouse effect have been caused by the lifestyle controlling.

The ecological crisis is more latent today than ever, and an ethical conscience that seeks to contribute positively with the environment is necessary.

Discrimination

While much has been achieved in the area of ​​human rights, racism, sexism and xenophobia are still present in society.

Rejection on the basis of race, identity or culture, as well as discrimination based on the preference of certain sexual orientations, or hatred of foreigners, continue to be important ethical problems today.

The refugee crisis in Europe is a good example of this, where the principle of humanitarian assistance has been set aside and ethical principles have been left behind with only national security privileged.

Animal cruelty

Today, despite the long road that the organizations that protect animal rights have traveled, much remains to be done.

Hundreds of animals are used every year for scientific, military and sexual experiments, with most animals being slaughtered or injured.

Although zero-cruelty campaigns have achieved great success, many companies continue to use defenseless animals in inhuman tests.

Ethics and respect for the life of every being, is still an ethical problem that not everyone sees with great relevance.

Bioethics attacks

Although there is already a whole branch of study that analyzes the ethical and moral perspective of medicine and biology, in vitro fertilization and genetic manipulation constitute serious ethical problems today.

The search for the perfect human being and the alteration of their genes with the aim of improving the human species by modifying the genetic heritage of a living being has been seen as a crime against human dignity.

Equally issues such as abortion, birth control or the right to euthanasia are great ethical dilemmas that as science advances more are questioned.

Growing use of artificial intelligence

Technology has managed to open new horizons, just as it has connected thousands of people breaking the border barriers of space.

However, the use of robotics and the incorporation of machines in industries and companies is increasingly being observed in order to make production effective, a fact that is generating job losses and valuable human capital.

The growing use of artificial intelligence is seen as a major ethical problem as the human being has passed into the background and millions of jobs will be lost.

References

  1. (2014). Ethics: a general introduction. Retrieved on July 6, 2017 from bbc.co.uk
  2. (2016). The countries that improved the most and made worse in terms of corruption according to Transparency International. Retrieved on July 6, 2017 from bbc.com
  3. Bossmann, J. (2016). Top 9 ethical issues in artificial intelligence. Retrieved 7 July 2017 from World Economic Forum weforum.org
  4. Brown, D. (2017). The Ethical Dimensions of Global Environmental Issues. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved on July 7, 2017 from amacad.org
  5. Hutt, R. (2016). What are the 10 biggest global challenges? Retrieved 7 July 2017 from World Economic Forum weforum.org
  6. Muñoz, A. (2017). These are the best sanitary systems in the world . Retrieved on July 7, 2017 from ticbeat.com
  7. World Health Organization. (2015). Health and human rights. Retrieved on July 7, 2017 from who.int
  8. Shah, A. (2013). Poverty Facts and Stats. Retrieved on July 7, 2017 from globalissues.org
  9. Tepedino, N. (2017). What is ethics? An answer for the classroom. Retrieved on July 6, 2017 from generals.usb.ve
  10. The Ethics Center. (2017). What is ethics? Retrieved on July 6, 2017 from ethics.org.au
  11. The Millennium Project. (2009). Global Challenges for Humanity. Retrieved July 7, 2017 from millennium-project.org
  12. World Health Organization. (2017). Global Health Ethics. Retrieved on July 7, 2017 from who.int.
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Has your workplace prepared for an active shooter? What is the protocol? What preparations has your hospital taken?

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Has your workplace prepared for an active shooter? What is the protocol? What preparations has your hospital taken?

 

Assignment: APA paper. This assignment should be between 750 and 1250 words in length and contain all four scholarly sources provided plus the textbook and one more scholarly source of your choice. Read the following 4 articles:

(from the ProQuest Library)
•Security InfoWatch. (2013). Responding to active shooters in hospitals. SecurityInfoWatch.Com. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1434488744?accountid=34574
•Balingit, M. (2012, March 9). Hospital shootings shock Oakland 2 dead, 7 injured at Western Psych; Police kill gunman in exchange of fire. Pittsburgh Post – Gazette. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/926869011?accountid=34574
•Hospital Employee Health. (2013). Most hospital shootings are not preventable. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1282083457?accountid=34574

(from the World wide web)

•The Joint Commission. (2014, July). Preparing for active shooter situations. Quick Safety. Retrieved from https://www.jointcommission.org/issues/article.aspx?Article=h1wY0qOAjXjKMD9Np15aXCoh6JDFt4iaFxb%2f%2fTKfNWE%3d

Part 1: Active Shooters

First: Compare and discuss the information in the 4 articles above (any similarities, differences, surprises).

Next: Answer these questions on your personal experience:
•Has your workplace prepared for an active shooter? What is the protocol? What preparations has your hospital taken?
•What is your responsibility as a nurse caring for patients?
•Do you feel a live active shooter drill should take place, with live gunfire? Why or why not?

Part 2. Bullying in the nursing workforce has become an increasing topic of concern. Research this topic.
•Describe reasons why bullying is a problem in nursing.
•Provide suggestions for a new nurse who is being bullied by coworkers.
•What is your responsibility if you see a fellow nurse being bullied?
Note: A) The 4 articles are attached.
B)Chapters 19 and 23 need to be addressed from this book: Blais, K. K. & Hayes, J. S. (2016). Professional nursing practice: Concepts and perspectives (7th ed.). Boston, MO: Pearson.
C)The writer can retrieve any scholar article to complete the remaining 6th source
This is property of essayprince.org. Log in for Research paper help

W3D At least 250 words Read the various perspectives on going to war in Iraq. President BushDavid Koehler Compare and contrast former President Bushs claim that Iraq was a threat to world peace with

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W3D

At least 250 words

Read the various perspectives on going to war in Iraq.

President BushDavid Koehler Compare and contrast former President Bush’s claim that Iraq was a threat to world peace with David Koehler’s position on the issue. Which claims are valid? Which are based on fallacious reasoning (note instances)? Who has the stronger argument? Why?