In this Journal, Crewford J has reviewed Ethics and Abortion to give a coherent framework to address ethical issues where the moral status of fetuses and embryos is very crucial. The framework has been applied to legal and ethical issues like abortion, wrongful life and prenatal torts. This research is a literature review and the author’s position has been presented. The author has explored complex philosophical problems like identity as well as the non-identity ones. The position of the author is substantiated as it has valuable information that can interest many groups such as physicians, policy makers, philosophers, lawyers or anyone with issues surrounding the unborn. The journal is thoroughgoing, consistent and intelligible. The journal has provided excellent overview of issues of abortion from moral status.

The journal indicates that the ethical spectrum is defended by people who think that abortion is aimed at saving the mother’s life which might be in danger because of pregnancy complications. In the ethical spectrum are also pro-life supporters that strongly believe that abortion is an assisted suicide as the fetus becomes a human being immediately after conception. Hence, the fetus attains the legal rights to live right from fertilization. Between these two differing group, there is a continuum of religious, ethical as well as political positions. But all ethical issues in abortion revolve around the battle between life and freedom.

Pozgar, G. (2012). Legal and Ethical Issues for Health Professionals. New York: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Obtained from: http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=MttHh5VKmk0C&dq=ethical+issues+of+prolongating+life+by+artificial+means&source=gbs_navlinks_s.

This book deals with the ethical issue of prolongation of life by artificial means. The main points of this book deal with health professionals’ ethical issues that are faced in health care. The book concludes that majority of heath care ethical issues should aim at protecting patients and availing affordable healthcare to the public. This is a research article and the position of the author is presented. The author is in support of prolonging the life of patients through use of artificial means. The position of the author is substantiated where by students as well as professors regard his work to be the finest in the changing health care discipline. This article is related to health care issues as it is updated thoroughly with features of dynamic text in its new case studies to assist students to better comprehend current issues they are likely to face in their job market.

This article is related to ethical issues facing health care. Euthanasia has been criticized and preferred by different cultures based on their religious, ethical and legal factors involved in assisting patients to die peacefully. People who are against life prolongation state that efforts of controlling suffering and pain through use of drugs are not good as they put patients at risk of having brain injury and render them insensible.

People that object to the prolongation of life by artificial means indicate that use of passive euthanasia denies a chance of exonerating doctors and other medical staff from being accused of causing the death of patients. Patients’ family members have to ensure that wishes of their patients are implemented without emotional conflicts. The practitioners in health care tackle ethical issues in a systematic and structured manner and work with their patients to create clear directives so as to facilitate the implementation of advance directives of the patients. When practitioners and family members work together will help in resolving ethical issues.

Mezey, M. et al. (2002).Ethical Patient Care: A Casebook for Geriatric Health Care Teams. New York: JHU Press. Obtained from: http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=7rkYu8Q5xxsC&dq=ethical+issues+When+caring+for+noncompliant+patient&source=gbs_navlinks_s

This book deals with the ethical issue when caring for noncompliant patient. The main points of this book include the benefits of health care teamwork, social needs and community settings. It also indicates that teams also complicate and create problems in work environment as people usually have diverse responsibilities and views. The book concludes that delivery of high-quality medical care typically involves many professionals from different disciplines that harmoniously work together. This is a literature review and the position of the author is presented as being in favor of the right of health practitioners. The position of the author is substantiated to be against the patients’ rights. This is witnessed in his view of sympathizing with the ethical dilemmas that health team members come across in their place of work when managing patients.

This book is related to ethical issues in health care. Nurses have to reduce their feelings of stress and frustration so as to improve their morale when dealing with noncompliant patients. In this case, surgeons are faced with ethical issues of either supporting the society or protecting the team. The surgeon will consider operating according to his oath by helping a patient that does not care himself or protect the right of his team members by putting them at risk. On the ethical issue of doing good for the society, the surgeon will think about maintaining utilitarianism. Utilitarianism in health care describes the idea of the moral worth of actions that are determined exclusively by the contribution to their overall utility. Based on this theory, the combined risk of harming various people shifts the focus to the greatest good for the highest number of natives. Spending energy, time and resources only on one individual that had decided to harm himself is not aimed at serving the greater good.

Merilyn, A. A Grounded Theory: Seeking Relief From Flatus as Relevant Client-Nurse Action and Interaction. Journal of Gastroenterology Nursing. 2007; 30(4):269-276. Obtained from: http://journals.lww.com/gastroenterologynursing/Abstract/2007/07000/A_Grounded_Theory__Seeking_Relief_From_Flatus_as.2.aspx

The main points of this journal are problems are faced in health care. Nurses work harder to manage those problems. The journal concludes that management of health care requires trustworthy qualitative support to guide on the best nursing practice. This is a research study where the position of the author has been presented to be on the side of health practitioners. The position of the author has been substantiated on the context of interactions between client and nurse. This based on the focus that has been given on nursing care. This journal deals with the ethical issue of whether the nurse should follow a doctor’s order if she/he thinks there is a potential problem with the order.

The journal is connected with the ethical issues in health care. Religious groups show that nurses should stop following orders and withdraw treatment of a patient if that treatment is considered disproportionate, ineffective, or it is of invaluable to the quality of life of that patient. On the other hand, the nurse should withhold the treatment to a patient when the doctor has not provided the type of treatment for the patient. This is because it is not beneficial or reasonable to fight an illness with insistent medicinal interventions when the disease cannot be controlled. The best thing could be to transfer the patients to other health care providers who are willing to care. Dealing with such difficult issues calls for higher consideration and sensitivity for the values of all the involved groups.

The society requires attaining, maintaining and recovering from disease, ailments accidents. This calls for specialized care from a trained professional. In most case, care givers at home may lack this expertise. This calls for people who are trained, specialized and understand the medical aspect of the patients’ condition, such as nurse. The best suited group of people that can deal appropriately with these problems are nurses. Nursing is a health care profession and hence, their services are oriented to this direction. In their duty, they give care to all members of the societies; both individual and families (Braverman, 1998).

Nursing care is understood as being particularly crucial during patients’ recovery from serious illness or injury. Classically, it was thought that people requiring these services were probably people who were bed ridden. The objective of health services delivery is not only to care for bed ridden people but also anybody else that have a condition that is reducing their quality of life. It is known that some diseases significantly reduce the quality of life led by individuals and not by necessarily sending them to bed. The aim of healthcare today is to assist any person with any disease, ailment or any form of suffering to recover and have a joyous and creative life.

Another factor that makes a nurse to be specifically suited to their job is because they are trained about community care. They deliver care in the context of the whole community. They are able to reach the society or community and teach or assist them on the best way to care for various people needing care in a society.

Psoriasis is a non-contagious disease that affects a people’s skin. It is found in a class of diseases that are described as immune mediated. It occurs when a person’s body starts sensing the skin cells that are foreign cells of disease causing microorganisms hence reacting against them. For this reason, the body responds to this faulty signal by producing more skin cells. The patients’ skin cells in the affected places divide up to 10 times faster and lead to accumulation of dead cells on the surface. The skin of the patient appears to have a red plaque that is covered with white rashes. This disease is particularly acutely irritating and is probably the most frustrating and unpredictable skin disorder. This disorder is also the most inexplicable and continual skin illnesses. Some parts of the body are more affected by this disease than others. These include the scalp, elbows, and knees. Some other parts are affected but on rare instances. They include the soles, the palms, and the feet (Roenigk & Maibach, 1998).

Commons symptoms of psoriasis include reddening of the skin with white or silvery scales occurring at the top. These areas can be exceedingly sore and may crack and bleed occasionally. In most cases, the affected patches expand and coalesce forming large and continuous patches. In other instances, this disease may affect the nails where nails become rough, crumbled or even detached from their bed. Another symptom that health care providers look for in diagnosing psoriasis is crusts, scales or plaques on a person’s scalp.

There are various aspects of care that a nurse considers during care delivery. These are sometimes utilized by professional nurses as a checklist to ensure that the care is all inclusive, and the process of recovery is holistic. The main aim of this assignment is to address the nursing care of a patient with psoriasis based on two aspects of care which include patient education and discharge planning and process.

Patient’s Education of Psoriasis Patient

It is essential in the nursing care process of a patient with psoriasis to be educated and advised on how to live with the society, to avoid psychological torture and lastly to meet the prescribed medical instruction. The Patients are reported to face stigma and antagonism by such other people in the society. They become less indispensable resource to the society and hence said to experience negative attitude for the firsthand. They have seen how a single look on them initiates talks among people among other forms of stigmatization. Nurses teach patients to become ambassadors of truth. The society mistreats its members through stigmatization because of ignorance. The nurses also educate patients on how to protect friends, relatives and other members of the community (Smith et al, 2002). Moreover in Medical care, the nurse give educational care techniques including assistance on the application of the medicine, monitoring the progress of the patient and advising the patients on the factors that aggravate psoriasis.

Secondly, the nurses have noticed that the patients due to stress are currently suffering from psychological disorders such as post traumatic stress disorders and anxiety. They feel neglected and thus they need psychological education. Some of the nurses collaborate with psychologists to educate both the society and the psoriasis patients. In most case, nurses find themselves in a situation where the psychological health of the patient is crucial. Some patient feel like their ‘image’ has been dented after they suffer from a psoriasis attack. The nurse has to respond to this by educating the patient on how to deal with these psychological problems.

Sometimes, the patient is so psychologically affected that the nurse has to refer the patient for specialized counseling among other interventions. Bearing in mind the wide spread nature of psoriasis nurses come up with a way of assisting the society. The challenge that nurses face is lack of an elaborate system of reaching the society in order to educate them. The patients are advised on how to live healthy and boost their self-esteem. Nurses take this opportunity to educate parents and guardians how to handle the case and enhance the recovery of the patient. These educational programs are currently found to improve the health of the patient and to reduce stigmatization directed to the skin infections victims. Also in some cases, nurses organize members of the public into groups which have initiated some sports or even meditation. Other benefits of these sports are they help to deal with behaviors such as scratching.

Furthermore other patients educational campaigns carried out by the nurse are to educate the patients and the society on the symptoms and origin of the disease thus clearing misconceptions in people’s mind. For example, some people believe that psoriasis is a sign of a curse, due to this they fail to take the medication and the advice seriously (Mitchel & Panzer, 2005). It jeopardizes the process of treatment exceedingly and seriously. It may even increase stigma; people do not want to get close or in contact with a cursed person. Even when such people should be giving care, they stay away due to unreasonable fear. It becomes the responsibilities of nurses to shed more light on psoriasis. Friends, family, and people living with the affected individuals are educated to provide the necessary support for the patient.

Lastly, the nurses are currently educating the patients who ignorantly fear to access the medical services due to been noticed that medical services will save them a lot from the disease. In some cases, it may disappear, in others it does not; thus, medical help is required. Additionally, it may leave an individual with extraordinarily large psychological problems that require specialized assistance. In most cases, nurses know specialists who can counsel and help the patient to fully recover. Nurses offer their advice regarding medical care and refer the patient for further counseling and peer support. In home care, the nurses are also educating the patients on how to handle stress. Medically, it is known that the careless and irresponsible behaviors that people develop during the stress cause psoriasis. Such behavior may include rubbing of hands and face. Stressed people have destructive tendencies of holding into anything and bringing things in contact with their faces. During care of a patient or other members of the community, the nurses shed more light on these issues so that people can lead a more informed life. They are also advised to protect themselves against excessive exposure to sunshine that can aggravate psoriasis especially during the summer periods. It is a method of illnesses prevention in a community, as observation of such basic rules can keep psoriasis at bay, at least for some people for some time (Walji et al, 1994).

Thus in summary, the nurse has been carrying out the patients education across the medical services, stigmatizations and stress from other people, misconceptions and myths about the origin of the disease, treatment methods, society approach to psoriasis victims and lastly on how to handle psychological perception found to affect them adversely.

Discharge Planning and Processing of Nursing Care

Acute based care hospital discharge planning and process starts immediately upon admission in the hospitals. In most cases it is found to ensure that the nurses follow the right psoriasis disease medical guidelines and system (Fabian et al, 2011). It is defined as a multi-disciplinary nursing approach by the nurses and other medical practitioners to the patient’s signs, treatment process and discharging means. It involves several planning process, as described below.

Immediately after admission of the patient, the first step in the nursing care designing planning and process is to examine the skin in general circumstances. The nurse should contact this within three hours. At the same time the patient is prepared for discharging through contacting the Medicare organizations such as insurance. At the same time the nurse should interview the patients about the problems linked to the disease, when did it start, what are some of the medications the patient accessed before and lastly, whether they have any hereditary problem of the disease across their family lineage.

The next planning process is the nurse to describe the information given in line to the prevailing psoriasis diagnosis where the patient is taken for laboratory medical examination. At this process, the patients are instructed not to scratch themselves even if they are itching and home cares prepared for discharging process .This help to reduce more infections and complications. Moreover, in this stage, the patients are instructed to isolate themselves from other people in the society, utilize their own clothing and even take bath using bath oils. Moreover, the patient should avoid any skin injury that is going to complicate the medical process (Walji &.Kingston, 1994)

Third step in the discharge of nursing care planning method include keeping the skin moist. The nurses are trained to apply epidemiological prescription to ensure the patient skin is moist and thus not to itch. This involves reducing the scales by applying the necessary medical bath oils and staying in a cool place free from any dust and high temperature. The patients are also provided with some injections and clothing necessary to reduce itching, smell and pain. In the next stage, the patients are nursed in a manner as to keep the wounds clean and to apply the necessary antibiotics carefully and skillfully. This ensures that the patients do not have pain and itching is reduced. The nurses take this opportunity to educate the family members on how to prescribe the medical drugs to the psoriasis patients and thus improved services. At this moment, the nurses must monitor the risk of infections, outcomes of the disease and lastly the implication of the bath oil to the skin (Papadopoulos & Walker, 2003).

Lastly, some of the patients found to be stressed, stigmatized and psychologically affected are provided with advices or even referred to psychologists for guidance and counseling. The nurses have a goal to improve the mind perceptions of the patients and to positively impact on their health. The nurses consider some numerous patients factors in the process of discharging the duties. They have to make necessary recommendations in line to the Medicare guideline so as to ensure that psoriasis patients enjoy the best Medicare services (Braverman, 1998). In the process, they must have insurance and Medicare eligibility so as to ensure that the psoriasis patient has in-patient services and hospitalized for at least three consecutive calendar years for observation purposes. Secondly, they must observe the cognitive status and especially their safety awareness while in the discharging process. This helps in reducing unnecessary infections to both the nurses and other patients. The clothing and bed sheets of the psoriasis infections must be handled with a lot of care (Camisa, 1994). Lastly, the nurses should observe the illness history and the future falls of the patient. Moreover, other factors that should be observed in the planning and discharge of psoriasis patients includes; age, living situation and lastly the daily nutrition and activities of the patients.

Conclusion

The nursing process of any psoriasis patient does not just require observation of the two aspects discussed above. Rather than that, it require all the nurses and medical practitioners to maintain people medical services to the patients, educate them and plan for the discharge process well. This will help to improve the health of this skin condition victim and reduce society misconception about the disease.