The Impact of Social Media in Healthcare

The term social media is defined as a method that individuals can utilize to share content and data through discussion and communication using various different internet platforms. Social media in healthcare has many advantages. It can be used as a tool to communicate effectively with the public, improve the overall patient experience and most importantly increasing the access to care.  With advantages, there will also be some challenges. Some challenges will include the privacy and confidentiality of patient health information, professionalism, lack of time, risks of distributing incorrect health information, and cultural problems that could affect the extent to which doctors are prepared to interact with their patients (Al-Qahtani, Alsaffar, Alshammasi, Alsanni, Alyousef, & Alhussaini, 2018).

There are five major roles in healthcare when incorporating social media and they are the patients, physicians, hospitals, payers to include employers and health plans and most importantly health information technology (Davenport, 2014). Each stakeholder plays a different role and has a different responsibility when referring to social media and healthcare. From an ethical standpoint, patients are responsible for their own health and cost control. With social media, a patient can engage and participate in discussions that pertains to their health and to also promote living a healthier lifestyle (Healthcare Reform, 2011). Physicians play a main role in ensuring appropriate healthcare for their patients. Physicians can use social media to develop a professional network, raise personal awareness of news and discoveries, motivate patients and provide the community with health information (De Martino, D’Apolito, McLawhorn, Fehring, Sculco, & Gasparini, 2017). When Hospitals incorporate social media, it will benefit them by increasing revenue, recruiting employees and improving customer satisfaction. With social media platforms such as Facebook, other facilities such as non-profit hospitals can use it to promote health and disease prevention at a low cost while promoting engagement with consumers (Richter, Muhlestein, & Wilks, 2014). Health Information Technology (HIT) and social media working together can patients and healthcare providers to share decision-making and coordinating the proper care. The use of apps for example can help to monitor a patients’ sleep pattern promote healthier living habits. As a result, healthcare expenses can be reduced.

Healthcare organizations are using social media for practice improvement for multiple reasons such as improving visibility in the organization; marketing products and services, providing patient resources and education, but also providing customer support. Studies have shown that using social media can significantly improve a medical center or hospital’s picture and visibility. According to Ventola, in one research study, 57% of customers said that the social media presence of a hospital would have a major impact on their decision of where to go for services (Ventola, 2014).

In conclusion, social media is a tool that is used to provide information and analyze data through multiple platforms. It also helps healthcare organizations with sharing data, engaging with the public and educating and interacting with patients. Practice improvement involves social media to not promote and market products, but also to provide resources for patients and provide quality care.

References

• Al-Qahtani, M., Alsaffar, A., Alshammasi, A., Alsanni, G., Alyousef, Z., & Alhussaini, M. (2018). Social media in healthcare: Advantages and challenges perceived by patients at a teaching hospital in eastern province, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal for Health Sciences, 7(2), 116–120.
  
  https://doi-org.proxy-library.ashford.edu/10.4103/sjhs.sjhs_36_18
  
• Davenport, T. H. (Ed). (2014). Analytics in Healthcare and the Life Sciences: Strategies, Implementation, Methods, and Best Practices. Upper Saddle River, NJ: International Institute for Analytics, Pearson Publisher.
• De Martino, I., D’Apolito, R., McLawhorn, A. S., Fehring, K. A., Sculco, P. K., & Gasparini, G. (2017). Social media for patients: benefits and drawbacks.
  
  Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine
  
  ,
  
  10
  
  (1), 141–145. doi:10.1007/s12178-017-9394-7
• Healthcare Reform. (2011). Health Care Reform: Duties and Responsibilities of the Stakeholders. Retrieved from
  
  https://sites.sju.edu/icb/health-care-reform-duties-and-responsibilities-of-the-stakeholders/
  
• Richter, J. P., Muhlestein, D. B., & Wilks, C. E. A. (2014). Social Media: How Hospitals Use It, and Opportunities for Future Use.
  
  Journal of Healthcare Management
  
  ,
  
  59
  
  (6), 447–460. Retrieved from
  
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• Ventola C. L. (2014). Social media and health care professionals: benefits, risks, and best practices.
  
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Analyse how rising obesity is causing a crisis in modern society, and evaluate current solutions to address this problem


.

Increasing numbers of obese people in modern society have caused a series of social problems, resulting in greater awareness of the seriousness of the issue. This concern is mirrored globally. The World Health Organization’s 2013-2020 Global Plan of Action for the Prevention and Control of Non-hereditary Diseases contains specific objectives to curb rising obesity rates and type 2 diabetes (Swinburn et al., 2015). It can thus be seen that obesity is now a major global health challenge. This essay argues that obesity causes disease, increasing both the prevalence of various diseases as well as personal and social medical expenditure. As a consequence, obesity has financial implications for individuals, families, and government, increasing government health expenditure. It also leads to an increase in mortality and population decline. Furthermore, obese people are maltreated at work and find it difficult to access suitable employment, causing employment shortages. The combination of a declining population and unemployment causes a reduction in the availability of labour and creates a crisis for modern society. This essay will also evaluate the impact of some national anti-obesity policies and the US “Let’s Move” campaign.

The first reason as to why obesity can lead to a societal crisis is that it can cause disease. Obesity-related diseases include “type 2 diabetes, cancer,

hypertension

, osteoarthritis, and an increased risk of disability” (Djalalinia et al., 2015). While in the early stages of obesity, there is no apparent symptoms and diseases, in the long term, it can cause fatal diseases. These are often difficult to treat, and the treatment cycle is long with relatively high costs. It has long resulted in serious economic loss for patients, families, and society, and increased the burden on financial resources for healthcare. Revels et al. (2017) assessed the relationship between obesity rates and obesity-related medical costs, showing that total US medical service expenditure due to obesity is estimated to be $117 billion, accounting for 6% to 12% of health care. These findings also showed that obese people’s medical expenses are 37.2% higher than those of people who maintain an average weight (ibid). This clearly shows obesity burdens the finances of citizens and the government, creating a financial crisis.

Furthermore, the prevalence of various diseases caused by obesity is increasing, leading to increased mortality. Afshin et al. (2017) demonstrated that the number of deaths worldwide had reached 4.0 million, of which more than two-thirds are related to cardiovascular disease caused by high BMI (body mass index). Therefore, the increased risk of death and population decline caused by obesity should be widely acknowledged. It is also harder for obese patients to find a job, with reduced employment in the labour market and the fact that obese people are barred from applying for certain jobs (Caliendo and Gehrsitz, 2016). Declining population and employment challenges for obese people causes a decline in available labour. It can thus be seen that the long-term effects of obesity will seriously impact on the government and individuals. Rapid and effective public health measures need to be taken by national governments to prevent and resolve the crisis caused by obesity and save social resources.

In recent years, health awareness has increased. More people are acknowledging the consequences of obesity. In response, national governments have adopted a series of measures and formulated anti-obesity policies. Restricting calories has long been considered an essential weight-loss measure, and so, in 2006, the sale of soda and fried foods was stopped at Princess Margaret Hospital in Perth (Wojcicki, 2013). In 2008, the UK National Health Service stipulated that vending machines at Welsh hospitals did not sell soda (ibid). These bans reduce opportunities to buy high-calorie foods in public, thus limiting people’s calorie intake. However, this can only control the calorie intake of a small number of people, in the case mentioned above only impacting those who visited these hospitals. The reach of these campaigns is too small and has little influence on the calorie intake of people across the country, having a negligible impact on the rise of obesity. Daily calorie consumption in the USA is 3% – 10% less than it was at the beginning of this century, but the number of obese people has doubled (Hill, 2009). People’s calorie intake has decreased, but the rate of obesity is still rising twice as fast. This shows that limiting calorie intake does not necessarily reduce obesity and that casting excessive calorie intake as the main cause of obesity is not appropriate.

Improvements to living standards, including modern facilities such as cars, buses, elevators, and so on limit people’s physical exertion, and most people’s daily calorie consumption are also reduced. Environmental factors such as socioeconomic conditions and sedentary lifestyles are also responsible for obesity, in addition to the diet (Schwartz, 2017). Consequently, the main reason for the rise in obesity is not increased calorie intake but a reduction in calorie expenditure. Therefore, reducing calorie intake while increasing daily activity levels is the key to tackling obesity. Also, anti-obesity solutions should appeal to a broader range of people. For example, a relatively successful anti-obesity national policy is the “Let’s Move” campaign, introduced by former First Lady Michelle Obama in 2010. The campaign is a comprehensive national public health initiative, in which everyone takes part to ensure that children regularly eat fruits and vegetables, and participate in sports in order to increase the body’s use of calories (Jette et al., 2016). Since its launch, the campaign has achieved remarkable results, despite objections such as healthy meals being unpopular with children (ibid). However, this campaign is still supported by citizens and has been implemented smoothly as it truly meets neoliberal national policy goals and strives to make every citizen a part of physical activity. Therefore, a policy to combat obesity should advocate for the whole population’s participation in a healthy diet and sport, and combine the two approaches of increasing calorie expenditure and reducing calorie input to reduce the number of obese patients and diminish the crisis it causes in society. Additionally, anti-obesity solutions should call for the active participation of all people and align with the national policy concept of neoliberalism. Only a campaign that truly encourages all people to participate can offer a genuine solution to the challenges that obesity poses to society.

This essay shows that the increase in obesity leads to an increase in the prevalence of various diseases, increasing the medical expenses of families of obese patients and obese individuals, and increasing the financial expenditure of government on medical insurance and healthcare. Concurrently, the obesity rate will also lead to an increase in mortality and population decline. In terms of the human resources market, finding employment for obese people can be challenging, resulting in employment shortages in the job market. As there has been a decline in the population caused by obesity, coupled with challenges finding employment for obese people that cause labour shortages, there has been a decline in the levels of available labour and society now faces a significant crisis. This highlights the importance of governments and individuals taking appropriate measures to reduce the number of obese people. In addition, this essay has also evaluated the way in which the sale of sodas and fried foods were stopped in 2006 at Princess Margaret Hospital in Perth. Furthermore, in 2008, the United Kingdom’s National Health Service stipulated that the sale of sodas in vending in Welsh hospitals would be prohibited. In the above cases, the anti-obesity policies that were applied related to limiting calorie intake. However, the analysis found that in modern society, the main cause of obesity is not individuals consuming excessive calories but is due to the reduction of the number of exercise people do, resulting in a reduction in the body’s burning of fat. Given this, people should reduce the calorie intake of food, but also increase the body’s calorie consumption, by doing things such as eating healthily and increasing physical activity. This will then reduce the obesity rate. Meanwhile, a campaign that can appeal to all people can have an effective impact on obesity rates. This could mirror the “Let’s Move” campaign initiated by former First Lady Michelle Obama in 2010, in which the population of the United States was called upon to participate in ensuring that children regularly consume fruits and vegetables, and regularly participated in sports. It is, therefore, necessary to combine the two methods of promoting healthy eating, increasing calorie expenditure, and reducing calorie input to reduce the number of obese people. Moreover, truly encouraging the participation of all people can effectively solve the problems that obesity poses to society and prevent the crisis in modern society.

References

• Afshin, A. ( 1 ) et al. (2017) ‘Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years’,
  
  New England Journal of Medicine
  
  , 377(1), pp. 13–27. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1614362.
• Caliendo, M. and Gehrsitz, M. (2016) ‘Obesity and the labor market: A fresh look at the weight penalty’,
  
  Economics and Human Biology
  
  , 23, pp. 209–225. doi: 10.1016/j.ehb.2016.09.004.
• Djalalinia S, Qorbani M, Peykari N, Kelishadi R.(2015)‘ Health impacts of obesity’.
  
  Pak J Med Sci ,
  
  31(1),pp.239-242. doi: 10.12669/pjms.311.7033.
• Hill, J. O. ( 1,2 ) (2009) ‘Can a small-changes approach help address the obesity epidemic? a report of the joint task force of the american society for nutrition, institute of food technologists, and international food information council’,
  
  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  
  , 89(2), pp. 477–484. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26566.
• Jette, S. ( 1 ), Andrews, D. L. ( 1 ) and Bhagat, K. ( 2 ) (2016) ‘Governing the child-citizen: “Let”s Move!’ as national biopedagogy’,
  
  Sport, Education and Society
  
  , 21(8), pp. 1109–1126. doi: 10.1080/13573322.2014.993961.
• Revels, S., Kumar, S. A. P. and Ben-Assuli, O. (2017) ‘Predicting obesity rate and obesity-related healthcare costs using data analytics’,
  
  Health Policy and Technology
  
  , 6(2), pp. 198–207. doi: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2017.02.002.
• Schwartz, M. W. et al. (2017) ‘Obesity Pathogenesis: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement’,
  
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• Swinburn, B. et al. (2015) ‘Strengthening of accountability systems to create healthy food environments and reduce global obesity’,
  
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• Wojcicki, J. M. (2013) ‘Healthy hospital food initiatives in the United States: Time to ban sugar sweetened beverages to reduce childhood obesity’,
  
  Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics
  
  . doi: 10.1111/apa.12216.

Public Health and Social Care

This Report will explore different factors that implement health in the UK, the negative factors it can have on health outcomes and these will be supported using evidence from a variety of research. This report will then go onto discuss different health acts and how they have been used within my placement. The report will define dementia and discuss how this was evident in the workplace and how I was involved in improving the care for the service users and finally, this document will compare health care data to the rest of the UK.

Social determinants of health:

There are a variety of socio-economic determinants in relation to health which result in dissimilarities across the UK. This involves education, age, the use of alcohol and tobacco, the density of fast food outlets and safe housing.

Education can play a detrimental part in health inequalities within the UK. Health education builds on individuals’ knowledge, skills and positive attitudes about health. Being educated about health can endorses positive physical health, positive mental health as well as positive emotional and social health. In addition to this, it can promote a way for individuals to adhere to healthy behaviours. According to the UK: There are almost 290 thousand doctors registered to practice in the UK. All these doctors had to endure robust training to become registered which required intense education to provide for the public. Education can develop public health in a positive way and it can also promote health equity as found by Hahn and Truman, 2015. The authors provide empirical evidence that supports the idea that educational programmes crucial for health. Programs that reduce the gaps in outcomes within educational between those who have a lower income or a different racial and or are seen as an ethnic minority within their population are essential in order for health equality to be promoted. Public health departments, policymakers, practitioners within the health sector and teachers, can come together as a cooperation so that educational programmes can benefit all. It is important that policies within education should not only focus on how smart an individual is or their academic attainment, rather it should focus on the individual as a whole in terms of how well educated they are wholly and in different departments, according to Bonell

et al.

, 2014. The authors suggest that individuals who have been privileged enough to receive a good education are seen to also have better health and well-being, this applies to students also. The authors conclude that education and health can coexist throughout educational programmes such as using personal, social and health education (PSHE) being compulsory in their curriculum learning.

According to biology, ageing can be seen as the increase of a wide variety of bodily damage which includes cell and molecular damage that occurs over a long period of time. This can ultimately cause a regular reduction in an individual’s physical as well as mental capacity which can result in unfortunate cases such as an individual having an increase in their risk of developing a disease which can lead to death. These changes however are subjective, and they are not linear or consistent. In terms of the subjectivity of ageism, some 70-year-olds, for example, may enjoy portraying positive health behaviours such as maintaining a healthy diet and may not require significant care and help from others. In comparison to some other 70- year olds who may be fragile and weak and would require significant help from others according to ageing and health, 2018. On the other hand, ageing can be seen as other life transitions such as retirement, relocation, the death of friends and partners according to NHS Choices (2018). As a result, ageing is different for all individuals and can be seen as a subjective matter.

Tobacco and Alcohol use is described as substance abuse and can impact health in a negative way. Tobacco and alcohol both affect the heart and can result in cardiovascular disease, however alcohol use is seen as being more complex in terms of how it causes cardiovascular disease according to Stanley (2017), Mount Elizabeth Hospital. Research such as those conducted by M. et al., (2016) have also found similar findings. These researchers found that amplified alcohol consumptions and cigarette smoking are associated with cardiovascular issues in adulthood. In this study, the authors investigated the relationship between smoking and alcohol abuse on arterial stiffness at the age of 17. Cigarette smoking was measured using a questionnaire which was completed the adolescents; participants were either rated as heavy smokers, which involved them smoking more than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime, recreational smokers which were individuals who had smoked less than 5 cigarettes and finally non-smokers. The findings showed that smoking behaviours even at low levels and intensity of alcohol was associated and increased arterial stiffness. In addition to this, the authors also propose that public health services need to implement strategies to prevent these habits in adolescence to preserve or restore arterial health.

The density of food outlets in the UK can be described as the amount of fast-food restaurant branches that are located within specific locations. Studies into this have investigated the relationship between the number of food chains across the UK and an individual’s health. An example includes a study conducted by


Macintyre

et al.

, 2005. The point of this study was to examine if there was a correlation between childhood obesity and the amount of fast food restaurants and how close in proximity they are to the child’s residential postcode. This study an observation that used an individual-level height/weight data and geographic information in the method. The areas that were involved in the study included Leeds in West Yorkshire in the UK. The study found that the children (27.1%) were described as being obese. The authors also found a significant positive correlation as amount of fast food chains and greater health deficiency was revealed.  (Macintyre

et al.

, 2005)

The house in which an individual lives in can influence health inequalities. Many factors can have an impact safe housing and health, including individuals being able to afford good quality homes (NHS Health Scotland, 2016). In Scotland, there are many individuals who live in houses that do not provide comfort for example the houses may be cold. This can result in a negative impact on mental health, for example, this can cause stress, depression and anxiety as individuals are not comfortable. This provides evidence to show that housing has a direct link to health inequalities in Scotland. In most houses, one of the most leading causes of health is the condition of the houses, some of which include mould and damp (James, Haley., 1995). Mould and damp can cause health issues for example chronic respiratory problems such as asthma, this is according to Healthscotland.scot, 2019.

Corresponding Policies for the Social Determinants of Health

The Health Act 1999 was designed to mend the quality of care provided to patients. It intended to improve the coordination of care between local authorities and the NHS (Health.org.uk 1999). The health act 1999 has been implemented within my placement as for my work placement, I work with individuals who suffer from illnesses and disabilities and therefore work closely with the NHS also. The NHS, as well as my workplace, provide high-quality care around the clock, the NHS abolished fundholding and therefore provide the company with extra funds to provide high-quality care for the service users. An example of the care that is provided bed washing and special dietary requirements such as a feeding tube gastrostomy. Furthermore, as discussed above, the health act in 1999 establishes that primary care is consistent with health care that is delivered to patients when they first develop a health care problem. This can be related to my placement as careers there are primary caregivers and we have been trained to provide primary health care as GP’s would, for example, we have been trained on first aid and how to provide emergency care for example for those who are diabetic and epileptic.

The Care standards act 2002 is an act which establishes a National Care Standards Order. This act aimed to make provision for the registration and regulation of children’s homes, independent hospitals and clinics, care homes and nurses’ agencies (En.wikipedia.org, 2020). My workplace also follows the care standard act of 2002. We aim to keep all the care we provide to a high standard for the service users. To do this, the care home provides accommodation with around the clock care providing personal care and nursing for the service users who are ill, have a mental disorder, those who are disabled and those who are substance dependent, this care that we provide is linear to the act.

The Health and Social Care Act 2002 purpose is to develop the routine of care and to provide better protection for patients through a faster, more effective and fair system for regulating practitioners and to modernise pharmacy and prescribing services (Scie.org.uk, 2020). This can also be applied to my placement as all members of staff have had a disclosure and barring service check done on them to ensure that they are safe to work with the service users. This will provide better protection for service users and patients. Furthermore, all careers have been trained to give medication to service users quickly and effectively as required. This, therefore, follows the health and social care act 2002.

The food and safety policies according to government policies require that businesses need to ensure that the food arranged is safe to be eaten by ensuring that nothing is added, removed or treated in a manner that makes it harmful to eat. Also, the policy encourages companies to make certain the food that they serve does not misinform clients in terms of the way the food packaging is labelled and advertised They also require food hygiene, for example, keeping food contact materials such as packaging, food processing equipment, cookware and work surfaces clean to avoid cross-contamination. This is relevant to my placement as the careers are required to cook for the service users, therefore food safety and food hygiene must be obtained to avoid health risks to the service users. The careers are required to make sure that all food orders are in secure packaging. All worker has also been informed that they must wash their hands and cook on clean surfaces. As well as this, it is the responsibility of the workers to ensure that all food items are in date. Also, whilst cooking, careers have been made aware of cross-contamination and have been notified of the client’s allergies. The care home I work to follow the health and food safety guidelines.

The advertisements of Tobacco promotion act of 2002 according Wikipedia is an the act banned adverts promoting the use of Tobacco products in the United Kingdom. In 2003, the In my workplace, smoking is strictly prohibited in the care home as smoking can have a detrimental negative impact on the service user’s health. None of the service users in the care home are smokers and nor are the careers. There are no smoking signs around the care home so any visitors are aware and if any visitors are smoking, they are advised to smoke outside the care home.

Current public health provision

Dementia is a progressive illness which involves a range of progressive neurological disorders that affect the brain. One of the most common types of Dementia is Alzheimer’s disease. The cause is dementia is due to the damaged nerve cells in the brain so messages cannot be sent from and to the brain effectively resulting in the prevention of the body functioning normally (Dementia UK, 2015). Dementia is a global concern, however, there are over 850,000 individuals in the UK that live with dementia. As a person, age increases, their risk of dementia also increases (Savva., 2009).

People with dementia may require more support regarding their health and some families may not be able to provide this care and because of this the families my sent an individual with dementia to a care home so that their needs are accommodated for and specialist care is provided. In my placement, there are service users who have dementia, for example, Mrs Allen. Mrs Allen is 78 years old and suffers from dementia. Her symptoms failing memory, disorientation and lack of understanding of risks which has resulted in her becoming a danger to herself. Mrs Allen often neglected herself and she would often leave her own home and get lost, this happened mostly in the middle of the night. One of the things that made her particularly vulnerable was her tendency to talk to strangers, telling them that she lived alone and where her home was and because of this, her family came to the decision to send her to a care home where she will no longer be a risk to herself.

The care home immediately adopted ways in which to help Mrs Allen with her dementia. An example of how I was able to help Mrs Allen feel comfortable was by keeping appropriate proximity unless there was a risk. Another way I made her feel comfortable was always smiling at her when I saw her and asking her if everything was well and if I could get her anything. I also allowed her to make her own decisions such as picking what she can wear, this was important so that Mrs Allen does not feel completely powerless.

Within 4 weeks Mrs became more comfortable to change. She started to confide in me and trust me, she stated that she was scared that she could no longer control her memory. She had also become funnier and often offered to help staff and other residents as much as she could and was engaging and affectionate towards those staff she trusted. Mrs Allen has been living in the care home for nearly a year now and she continues to live her life to the full despite her dementia. Mrs Allen is no longer a risk to herself as the care home is secure meaning that it is not possible for her to escape and with the help of care working, she is no longer a risk to herself.

One piece of public health issue that I have decided to discuss is mental health in young adults. I will compare this to my local borough and the rest of the UK. Mental health is the emotional and psychological well-being of an individual. The Brent centre for young people is an organisation that supports young people who are experience mental health issues. This charity offers talking and therapies (Brent.gov.uk, 2019). In Brent 11% of people reported having low levels of happiness which is greater than the 8% of England’s average levels of happiness. In 2011 and in Brent alone, 16,000 young adults were on their GP register for depression, compared to 1 in 4 individuals for the rest of the UK. The levels of self-reported daily anxiety amongst Brent residents are comparable to the England average according to Jsna, 2015.

Age, tobacco and alcohol use, the density of food outlets and safe housing can all have an impact on health in different ways, which are supported with studies. Furthermore, different acts in the UK have been implemented in the care home system to ensure that high-quality care is provided to clients. These acts all work hand in hand in care homes and they are needed to ensure that proper care is provided. Finally, in my placement, there are a lots of dementia patients which I worked with. I found working with these clients rewarding as they always appear happy and confident due to the service, I provide within the care home.

This report ends by briefly comparing mental health in young people in my local borough to the UK which found significant differences.

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