explain why people bully.

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explain why people bully.

 

Personal experience and perception lend a great deal to addressing a social issue. However, as individuals, there are limits to one’s knowledge on any topic. The ability to conduct research on a social issue allows for a more comprehensive perspective on multiple aspects of an issue, insight into the communities impacted, and lessons learned for other like-minded groups who have done similar work.
In this Journal Assignment, you explore the concept Discovery as it relates your group’s research on a social topic.
To prepare for this Assignment:
Consider the assigned readings from the first 3 weeks of this course.
Review the explanation of Walden University’s DEEP-C Model General Education Learning Outcome “Discovery” in the Syllabus.
Consider “Discovery” as it relates to the work you are doing in this course.
Bearing in mind the amount of information that is readily available in current times, think about how people involved in social movements of the past gained information on the social issue and related topics.
The Assignment:
Write a 2- to 3-paragraph journal entry in which you address the following questions:
What appropriate sources of information will be used to support your group’s claims about your topic?
At this early stage in the process of investigating your topic, what advantages do you see in conducting research to discover various factors associated with the topic?
In what ways does the ability to conduct research strengthen your group’s approach?
Submit your Assignment by Day 7.
In order to receive full credit, all assignments are due on time. Should you encounter an unanticipated and uncontrollable life event that may prevent you from meeting an assignment deadline, contact the Instructor immediately to request an extension. Your Instructor’s contact information is in the Contact the Instructor area in the left navigation bar. For a full description of the late policy, please refer to the “Policies on Late Assignments” section of your Syllabus
General Education Learning Outcomes (The DEEP-C Model)
Discovery: Students will locate and identify appropriate sources of information using multiple sources and methods, including bibliographic, textual, experiential, and experimental research.
Bullying is my topic
Bullying refers to a purposeful attempt by an individual to control another person using verbal abuse. This verbal abuse can be in the form of threats, teasing, violence, or physical bullying. Bullying can occur in different places such as schools, homes, workplaces, nursing homes, and military camps (Lines, 2008). The causes of bullying include the following. Poor parental example and neglect is the major factor that makes children to engage in this behavior. This is explained by the fact that a good number of bullies come from families where the caregivers or parents are not strict and fail to teach their children on the dangers of using violence or rage to handle problems. Such children usually see physical aggression or verbal attacks as an acceptable and normal behavior. Bullying can also be caused by lack of supervision. In such instances, people are not able to find assistance whenever there is a problem and eventually decide to engage in bullying. An environment where monitoring and discipline are inconsistent is also prone to producing bullies. There are many reasons that explain why people bully. People who come from a culture fascinated with violence, power, and winning use bullying as a technique of seeking power. Even the young people grow up knowing that violence or bullying is an acceptable method of getting what one wants. For people in institutions such as schools, they may want to engage in bullying if they realize that the institution lacks the necessary standards that outline how people are supposed to treat one another. Bullying can also occur in situations where people are given more social recognition for exercising negative behaviors, while ignoring those who portray positive and acceptable behaviors (Garrett, 2003).
Answer

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HEALTH POLICY, ETHICAL, AND LEGAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM

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HEALTH POLICY, ETHICAL, AND LEGAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM

Evaluate the effects of the global nursing shortage on health policy. How has the shortage affected the United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals? Analyze how nursing ideas, values, and beliefs impact policy agenda. Identify when policy can dictate treatment options.

250 words

APA format

3 peer reviewed references

The Role of Public Health and Social Care

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Table of Contents (Jump to)


Introduction



LO1: Understanding approaches & strategies utilized to measure monitor and control the incidence of disease in communities


Question 1: Agencies regulating levels of health and disease in communities


Question 2: Epidemiology of one infectious and one non-infectious disease


Question 3: Evaluation of effectiveness different approaches and strategies


Question 4: Current methods and priorities to service provision for people


Question 5: Relationship in health and social care service provision



LO 2: Investigating the implications of illness and disease in communities for the provision for health and social care services



Case Study


Question 6: Analyzing the future needs of health and social care influenced by current lifestyle choices


Question 7: Assessing the health and well-being in a particular healthcare of social setting


Question 8: The effectiveness of strategies and policies and evaluation of an activity implemented to encourage behavioural change


Question 9: Discussion on changes to improve the health and wellbeing of Mrs. Senna



Conclusion



References



Introduction

Genetic inheritance, access to health care, personal behaviour and the general external environment (air, water, cleanliness, pollution) affects a person’s health to a great deal. In addition to that, research has proven there to be some relationship between health and social factors and cultural factors. Effects of social networks, job stress excreta on health have increased in the recent years and are still on the rise.

Based on the given case study, this paper discusses the various communication roles of health and social care services. It analyses how the society plays a role in this context and the various ways these care is provided in various societies because of their culture and beliefs.



LO1: Understanding approaches & strategies utilized to measure monitor and control the incidence of disease in communities

Different communities use different approaches to monitor and control incidence on diseases. Their culture, beliefs make them take different decisions at different situations.



Question 1: Agencies regulating levels of health and disease in communities

Each society affects the way its residents live their lives. How they value life and everything related to it, is how they treat illness and diseases. There are societies where common cold is nothing new. It is a common phenomenon and is not given much thought or consideration at all. Just take a cup of tea and sleep, you will feel better, is their policy. Then there are societies where common cold is taken most seriously, the infected person is isolated and kept in closed room, given medicines, soups and what not.

Society’s custom, norm, experiences are the agencies that determine the level of health and social care a person would receive while suffering from different levels of diseases. Economy is another factor. A rich society would take care of smaller illness with grater seriousness while a poorer society would choose to ignore them being short in financial terms.



Question 2: Epidemiology of one infectious and one non-infectious disease

One major infectious disease in Bangladesh is typhoid. It is a bacterial disease which is spread through contact though water and food contaminated by sewerage or faecal matter. The victims of this disease exhibit high fever. If it is left untreated, mortality rate can increase up to 20%. The bacteria


Salmonella enterica


is the bearer of this disease. The course untreated typhoid is divided into four stages, in four weeks.


One major non-infectious disease in Bangladesh is cardio vascular disease. An analysis of the INTERHEART control showed further that, Bangladeshis had the highest and surprising prevalence of risk factors related to CVD among other countries participating. Former and current smoking (59.9%) self-reported history of hypertension (14.3%), abdomen obesity (43.3%) Depression (43%) and high ApoB100/Apo-I ratio (59.6%).



Question 3: Evaluation of effectiveness different approaches and strategies

Different health care communities use different approaches to solve the same health issues. Their effectiveness is obviously different. The various approaches used by various communities come from their varied backgrounds. The way they are brought up, their cultural beliefs are what matter and what changes their approaches towards everything including health care.

Needless to say, all the approaches do not provide the same result. For example, family planning education in United States of America is not as effective as it is in Denmark. It is due to the different approaches taken by both the countries and Denmark’s has proven to be much better.

But there is no one perfect approach to any health problem and no wrong approach either. All the approaches, no matter how much or less effective they are, are correct.



Question 4: Current methods and priorities to service provision for people

According to kingsfund.org.uk the methods of health and social care has evolved a lot in the past decades. But they still aren’t enough for all the health and social treatment and support a person needs. The traditional lines between hospital based specialists and GP’s, community based and hospital services, and physical and mental health services shows and proves that care is fragmented quite often and integrated care, which should be a rule is an option now.

Moreover, as it happened in the past, with the development of technology, current modes of care is already becoming out dated as technologies and security are updating and changing so rapidly, changing the way patients interact with their service providers. Although care still refers and relies a great deal to the service providers, on their individual expertise and their expensive professional input, it current methods need to be evolved to a great extent.



Question 5: Relationship in health and social care service provision

Health and social care service are completely interrelated. But they are rarely provided together hence creating various problems for the patients. For example, when people are sent to the hospital or a clinic, or they stay there for a long period of time, they do not get proper care service; hence do not get as better as they would at home under proper care service. Sometimes, they are given the same service twice, or an important part of care is missing. Meaning, the patients have not gotten the service they deserve or need, leaving them at a risk of a greater harm. The service providers, as in the health care staff may fail to or miss the opportunities which might have made things better for the patients and service receivers resulting in a degradation of the patient’s health.

So it goes without saying that health and social care are completely interrelated.



LO 2: Investigating the implications of illness and disease in communities for the provision for health and social care services

Various communities have always provided various forms of healthcare and social care services based on their own cultures and practises. These reasons and implications have been explained in the report



Case Study

Mrs. Senna is a 34 years old woman diagnosed with obesity; she has been administered to the hospital by a paramedic team from the emergency medical services as she has suffered a heart attack at home. Mrs Sienna was advised by her doctor that she has developed high blood pressure as it is one of the risks of obesity. She was advised that she will be given various treatment options such as Gastric Bypass Surge, and provided with remedial care. Mrs Sienna was given medicine to reduce her cholesterols levels in her blood and blood pressure; she was also advised by her dietician that she will have to change her diet to a healthier alternative to help her maintain a healthy weight.



Question 6: Analyzing the future needs of health and social care influenced by current lifestyle choices

Health and social care is necessary whenever our health degrades. If every person decides to life a healthy life and takes up healthier life style choices, the society is bound to be healthier, hence not face serious health issues resulting in reduced amount of need for health and social care. Hence, the future needs of health and social care will be influenced by current lifestyle choices. The healthier the choices now, the less will be the need in the future.



Question 7: Assessing the health and well-being in a particular healthcare of social setting

Mrs. Senna is obese, which can cause a various number of diseases and complications in the future. And if her weight isn’t brought under control, she will face the risk of a second heart attack leaving her at a very compromising situation. Including various physical health problems, she also faces risks of several mental problems. Research shows that 58% of obese people have risk of developing depression she needs to change her lifestyle and eating habits along with taking proper medication. Gastric Bypass Surge being one of the solutions already provided by the hospital is one of the options.



Question 8: The effectiveness of strategies and policies and evaluation of an activity implemented to encourage behavioural change

The strategies taken up by the hospital are perfect for Mrs Senna. She might need a surgery along with proper food habit and medication. A person cannot get rid of obesity magically, it is a tough challenge and these are the most common steps to get rid of it.

Some steps to increase physical activity can be taken up or intervened by the hospital. Steps like simply taking the stairs instead of the lift while going up a building will help her. She will have to be realised the demerits of her situation, which will help her realise the seriousness of her situation and the extreme necessity for her to lose weight.



Question 9: Discussion on changes to improve the health and wellbeing of Mrs. Senna

Whole grain foods should be eaten along with a big serving of vegetables. Foods high in energy density should be avoided as they will just help increase the weight all over again. Five to six fruits and vegetable servings should be taken daily. Highly processed food high in sugar should be avoided. Food should be measured perfectly before intake as too much food will do no good to the health. Super-sized food must be avoided in restaurants if it is necessary to eat outside. A food check book can be balanced, as, eating more calories than she burns will result in weight gain. At least 30 minute of regular exercise must be a part of her daily routine.



Conclusion

Raising proper awareness on the various influential factors of the overall health and wellbeing of people in both individual level and greater societal level is extremely important to ensure the effectiveness of various strategies and policies regarding public health.

Public health is considered to be the art and also the science of promoting health and prolonging life through informed choices public and private communities, society, organizations and through organized efforts. Now-a-days public health practises requires to have teams of professionals with multidisciplinary members including physicians, specializing in public health, public health nurses, bio-statisticians and a lot more.



References

  1. Berkman and Kawachi (2000). Marmot and Wilkinson (2006)
  2. BMC public health research article
  3. Henry P. David, Jane M. Morgall, Mogens Olser, Niels K. Rasmussen and Brigitte Jensen (1990)

    Studies in Family Planning
  4. Health and wellbeing of adults, 2010/11.<

    http://www.enfield.gov.uk/healthandwellbeing/info/17/the_health_and_wellbeing_of_adults/75/obesity

    >
  5. <

    http://www.bis.gov.uk/foresight/our-work/projects/published-projects/tackling-obesities/reports-and-publications

    >

Is Social Media a Cause of Mental Health Decline

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Is social media the reason for our mental health declining?

Social media. Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat everyone is obsessed, but is it making our mental health worse than it already is? We have to wonder what is happening to the world when 24% of Brits have mental health issues such as anxiety and depression related to social media while only 57% of Brits actually used social media regularly. Is the reason for the toxicity in everyone’s lives and everyone’s relationships?

A new study has found that gender means social media effects and messes with your head more for females and less in males. Over half of mental health illnesses start at young as 14 years old now a days as this is when most teens as making their social media accounts and when the cyber bullying starts. Social media also affects the genders completely differently females have been proven to become less active, lose sleep and get cyber bullied into depressions, while men statistically spend less time on social media and more time out with their friends. Men also play Xboxes and PlayStations that they can only talk to their friends and they can get away from any bullying or negativity, most of the time they don’t and they argue with the other party but they can get away from it if they wish too unlike girls who find it a lot harder to get away from the cyberbullying.

It is built into our DNA to compare ourselves to other people, and social media is just fueling this instinct by giving us unlimited perfect people to compare ourselves to constantly. Unfortunately teenage girls compare themselves to these perfectly photoshopped people who look completely different in real life and give themselves mental illnesses like anorexia as they are trying to look like these girls. Models also give girls an unhealthy body image to live up to, these size 2 or 4 girls are smoothed to perfection in photoshop and completely changed, normal teenage girls are comparing themselves to this and feel so disgusting that over 80% of 10 year olds will call themselves fat after comparing themselves to people on television or social media. The mirror released an article after a survey that revealed that 46% of young teenage girls feel extremely overweight when in fact statistics reveal that only 20% of all 13 to 15 year olds are overweight and that girls built up a very negative image of their own body and think that they are the ugly friend. Males also have body image problems, 13% of boys think that they are too light or underweight as they are trying to reach the body goals of professional footballers and body builders. Giving boys the mindset that they have to be ‘built’ and ‘bulking’ meaning boys feel they can not just be skinny they must have a lot of muscles, they want 6 packs and big biceps when they are only children themselves.

Social media also effects celebrities including Jesy Nelson from the pop band little mix. Jesy has recently created a documentary about her cyberbullying and abuse online. After the documentary was released hundreds of people took to Twitter to discuss the documentary and its sensitive content. One person said “This Jesy Nelson documentary needs to be shown in every single school and college up and down the country to show that words can break even the most strongest looking people and ruin so many lives. Just be kind.” With over 6000 retweets and thousands of comments of people agreeing to get documentaries like this shown in schools from a young age as it may discourage the future generations to be so abusive online after finding out what online hate can do to people. In the documentary Jesy visits a family that lost their daughter to suicide because of cyberbullying about her looks, the documentary shows us how the loss of a child greatly affect parents no matter what but knowing that your child committed suicide because of how people acted towards her.1 in 10 young people experience a mental health disorder including anxiety ,depression and suicidal thoughts due to the effects of social media trolling and cyberbullying.

Many parents worry about how exposure to technology might affect their child’s development. Everyone knows young children are picking up new social skills at a rapid rate, and we don’t want hours spent glued to an iPad to prevent that. But adolescence is an equally important period of rapid development, and too few parents are paying attention to how teenagers’ use of technology—much more intense and intimate than a 3-year-old playing with dad’s phone—is affecting them. In fact, experts worry that social media and text messages that have become so integral to teenage life are promoting anxiety and lowering self-esteem. From the statistics alone, it’s clear that social media has become an integral and to a large extent, unavoidable part of our lives, so how can parents their stop young children from becoming screen time obsessed like their older siblings are now. Well it’s not that simple, there are parents that have tried to bring up their children without the pressures of social media

A study by researchers at the University of Alberta published in April found that five-year-olds who spent two or more hours a day on a phone or iPad were five times more likely to be reported by their parents as exhibiting symptoms of ADHD when compared to their peers who were on screens for 30 minutes or less.  Face-to-face interaction with parents or carers is essential for small children’s development, and in today’s society whether it be because the mum is answering emails or checking Facebook or the child is watching a YouTube video or TikToks children nowadays are not receiving the face-to-face interaction and emotional support that they need, showing why children these days turn to self harm, drugs or sex to let out their emotions as they didn’t have the emotional talks when they where young.

PARAS AGAINST

There is little evidence that screen use for children is harmful in itself, guidance from leading paediatricians says that, parents shouldn’t  worry as long as they have gone through a checklist on the effects of screen time on their child, it says that while the guidance of professionals says to avoid setting screen time limits, it recommends not using screens in the hour before bedtime to allow the child’s brain time to calm down from the visual stimulation of social media’s. Social media is not always an online distraction or procrastination platform. While some may be addicted to their social media networks, it is one of the best ways to stay informed. Major news outlets, corporations and persons of interest using social media to deliver messages to the masses. With items posting immediately, the public stays informed. Some issues cause controversy, but social media does more good than harm in retrospect.

Increased teen awareness is important. Social media is one of the best outlets to reach the minds of young people to make a real difference. Although some parents see social media as detrimental to their children, it actually does them some good to have social media accounts. Teens want to be aware and informed just as much as adults Whether it be about the football game that’s on or what Donald Trump is doing that day teens like to stay in the loop too. Using social media allows teens to follow organizations and causes that they believe in. It makes them feel like they are a part of something, even when they feel like an outcast in society, showing that social media allows people to find out who they really are and who they want to be. It allows teens to find people with similar interests as them even when they have no one at school or in the community that share interests as them.

A study released in April claims that children under the age of three should not watch television or sit playing games on a tablet at all, while people agree with this, how realistic is it to expect parents of nowadays to somehow not have their child watch any television or even play on their parents phone in today’s society. If your child cries in public you let that child play on the phone for even as little as 5 minutes and it has completely calmed down meaning no daggers from across the room, or cafe, not only does letting your child watch an episode of Peppa Pig or the dumping ground making them happy but it helps it calm them down meaning parents anxiety is lower and there isn’t the awkward conversation with the cafe waitress about why the kid won’t stop crying.The study then goes on to say that allowing children time on phones and iPads for shorter length of time will mean they are more likely to act out as teenagers as they are trying to get back at their parents for now allowing them to have childhoods like all their friends, while this is extreme it does show that yet again the people writing these studies are not the people living with the children that are being “traumatised as children” as one mum said. The fact that even parents feel children are being traumatised shows that people reply on social media these days.

People with physical disabilities love social media as it allows them to make friends with completely new people who don’t judge them for having that disability. Disabled people find easy to isolate themselves when they are struggling mentally, they don’t want to be with other people or to engage socially, shutting themselves away from the world. At times it can feel so lonely for them because even though they know that, in fact, they aren’t alone they feel as though no one else is going through what you are. Often times they don’t feel like communicating with others or explaining what they are feeling because it seems too difficult to do so, or because they just feel too exhausted to voice it, or at times because they might it won’t help or people won’t understand. Disabled people deal with severe mental health before social media and social media gives them a place to escape to, showing that social media is an amazing and freeing place and shouldn’t feel like a cage. “We have a platform to share our lives and help one another, to be there for each other when we need support, to get advice and give advice from experience” says a young women with bipolar disorder and a chronic illness proving yet again that social media allows people to help each other more than hindering them.

New Research Suggests That Work-Not Social Media-Is The Biggest Cause Of Anxiety And Stress. According to research conducted as part of Where’s Your Head At – the new campaign to tackle mental health issues in the workplace. In a survey of 1,565 people, only 16% blamed social media for having a negative impact on their mental health. In fact, the single biggest worry for 58% of respondents was money, followed closely by workload concerns. The results of this survey shows that social media is actually not a big worry to the general public, the 16% of the public that do have social media as their biggest worry shows that they may have an addiction to getting the most likes and comments on a photo or that maybe they are getting cyberbullied but the massive 58% that have the biggest concern of money problems, showing that these people are not addicted to social media and are prioritising their work, family and bills instead of social media. Yet again showing that only people who want to be are obsessed with social media and that is isn’t ruining the public’s mental health.


Sources:

Integrate theoretical and empirical knowledge from the humanities, behavioral and biophysical sciences, and nursing as a basis for formulating nursing practice decisions

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Integrate theoretical and empirical knowledge from the humanities, behavioral and biophysical sciences, and nursing as a basis for formulating nursing practice decisions

1. Integrate theoretical and empirical knowledge from the humanities, behavioral and biophysical sciences, and nursing as a basis for formulating nursing practice decisions.
2. Synthesize Core Knowledge, Core Competencies, and Professional Values in the delivery of nursing care to individuals and groups within the three professional nursing roles.
3. Incorporate nursing leadership skills within the three nursing roles.
4. Evaluate research for application and utilization in nursing practice.
5. Analyze methods that integrate and evaluate healthcare technologies in the delivery of nursing care.
6. Incorporate ethical, political, legal, and economic values into professional practice.
7. Design communication and problem solving strategies for nursing practice in the current diverse global environment.
8. Participate in the improvement of the nursing profession, the healthcare delivery system, and the formulation of health policy.
9. Appraise one’s own professional growth and the achievement of self-initiated goals.

Analyze at least two (2) primary economic assumptions and examine their short- and long-term impact on promoting the competitive market model in the healthcare environment.

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Analyze at least two (2) primary economic assumptions and examine their short- and long-term impact on promoting the competitive market model in the healthcare environment.

“Competitive Markets, Price, Quality, and Monopoly” Please respond to the following:

From the e-Activity, analyze at least two (2) primary economic assumptions and examine their short- and long-term impact on promoting the competitive market model in the healthcare environment.

Evaluate the fundamental reasons why price and utilization economic factors in the healthcare setting influence competitive market status in regard to supply and demand for health care services.

Provide at least one (1) example of such factors to support your response.Take a position on whether or not monopolistic competition works within a healthcare setting.

Support for your position should include a discussion of the monopoly model being used to predict the allocation of resources in healthcare markets within preferred provider organizations.

Essay On The Treatment Of High Blood Pressure

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Fosinopril and Hydrochlorothiazide in Treating Hypertension

1: hypertension is the abnormal blood pressure that is measured of the force against the walls of the arteries as the heart pups blood through the body. Therefore hypertension (high blood pressure) is a cardiovascular disease that increases with age due to hormonally adrenaline and noradrenalin. The (WHO) world health organization recognizes three levels of hypertension identified as the table below


Level 1

Mild hypertension

Systolic blood pressure 140-159 mmHg and

Diastolic blood pressure 90-00 mmHg


Level 2

Medium –severe hypertension

Systolic blood pressure 160-179 mmHg and

Diastolic blood pressure 100-109 mmHg


Level 3

Severe hypertension

Systolic blood pressure 180 mmHg or higher and

Diastolic blood pressure 110mmhg or higher

2: fosinopril and hydrochlorothiazide are drugs that belong to the group drugs called (ACE) Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors. The combinations of these drugs are used to lower the blood pressure and hypertension, congestive heart failure as they relieve the symptoms of fluid retention.

3: fosinopril works through blocking the formation of angiotensin II (an enzyme in the blood that controls the constriction of arteries and veins) constriction of arteries and veins causes blood pressure. It also relaxes the arteries and veins and lowers blood pressure. By the act of reducing blood pressure, fosinopril reduced the work that the heart does of pumping blood through the arteries and veins. This helps in improving the output of blood from the heart especially when the heart is failing. After a heart attack ACE inhibitors also improve the function of the damaged heart and also reduce symptoms and hospitalization due to congestive heart failure. In heart failure patients it increases the exercise tolerance and lower the frequency of events linked with heart failure

4: a patient who is being treated with hydrochlorothiazide will make the patient to make more urine therefore increases the amount of times that the patient go to urinate. Constant repeated urination helps the patient to get rid of extra salts and water from the body. Reduced extra fluid in the body that are mainly caused by conditions such as heart failure, kidney disease and liver disease can lessen symptoms such as shortness of breath or swelling in the ankles or feet. Weight loss may also be reported due to the fluid that are lost after taking the drugs this helps the patient t remain healthy with the only required fluids in the body.

5: when taking the fosinopril and hydrochlorothiazide one should strictly follow the doctors advice the drugs are sequentially administered for I month each with an intervening 2 week washing period between each treatment period

6: two ways are used to control and manage blood pressure this are the lifestyle habits and medication the first way is to have physical activity where one should engage in moderate or vigorous physical activities for about one hour at least three times in every week the activity helps in reducing the blood pressure by 4.9/3.7 points. Weight control, where one should ensure not to build too much weight hence lower the blood pressure by 1.1/0.9 points. Alcohol consumption should be reduced where one should reduce the intake by 3.6 drinks per day hence lowering the blood pressure this lowers the blood pressure estimate with about 3.9/2.4 points. Sodium salt intake reduction should also encourage where the patient should reduce it by 1,800mg this is estimated to cause a reduction in blood pressure by 5.1/2.7 points. lastly the patient should follow the DASH diet hence lower the blood pressure by 11.4/5.5 points this it recognized as the most effective lifestyle change to manage blood pressure.

7: due to intake of fosinopril one may experience some adverse conditions among them include the high potassium that may cause slow hear ate, tingly feeling and muscle weakness other symptoms may include swelling of face, lips or the throat. Secondly, due to low potassium one may experience confusion, leg discomfort, thirst, vomiting, muscle weakness and increased urination. One should get an immediate medical help when any of these symptoms are seen.

8: patient that are receiving treatment on hypertension by the use of hydrochlorothiazide are said to may experience muscle weakness, dizziness and severe skin rash with peeling skin. And loss of vision. When one detect such side effects they should inform their doctor immediately additionally one may avoid alcohol as it adds to dizziness and also inform their doctor on the previous medication they were receiving before hypertension treatment.

9: (i) fosinopril and diuretics, the common side effect of the said interaction is excessive reduction of blood pressure after the initiation of therapy this condition can be minimized by increasing of the salt intake prior to initiation of treatment with MONOPRIL or discontinuing the diuret treatment. On fosinopril and drugs that increase potassium levels slow hear rate, tingly feeling and muscle weakness other symptoms may include swelling of face, lips or the throat. To decrease the amount of fosinopril absorbed from intestine patients should take antacids.

10: due to interaction between hydrochlorothiazide andnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, blood pressure may cause increase in causing headache, dizziness or blurred vision connectively kidney failure may result. The patient need to change the dosage of their blood pressure, alternatively, hydrochlorothiazide and lithium (mood-stabilising drug) may result to thyroid and renal problems additionally Mild diarrhoea can be treated by over-the-counter medications such as Kaopectate

11: for a therapy to be successful it requires the participation of knowledgeable patients this means that the patient should inform the doctors on her conditions and the drugs she is taking. Additionally she should follow the doctor’s instruction in taking the medication and report any side effects to the doctors. Good follow up should also be done to ensure that the patient’s conditions monitoring is as per the required situation.


References:

Cerner, M (2014).

Fosinopril-hydrochlorothiazide treatment report

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https://www.patientslikeme.com/treatments/detail/19678-fosinoprilhydrochlorothiazide-side-effects-and-efficacy>

on 6th august 2014

Francs, P. Saini, R. (2014

). Management of Hypertension: The Role of Combination Therapy

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ways to lower blood pressure by changing you lifestyle


http://www.heartandstroke.com/site/c.ikIQLcMWJtE/b.4091465/k.907F/Heart_disease__Lifestyle_changes_to_manage_your_high_blood_pressure.htm

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Tseng, Y.Z Lo H.M, Chiang, F.T (2013).

Characteristic abnormal findings of ambulatory blood pressure indicative of hypertensive target organ complications medical articles

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Saunders E, Cable G.N (2008).

Predictors of blood pressure response to angiotensin receptor blocker/diuretic combination therapy: a secondary analysis of the hydrochlorothiazide blood pressure reductions in diverse patient populations

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on 6th august 2014

Brouwers, F., et al (2011).

Long-term effects of fosinopril and pravastatin on cardiovascular events in subjects with microalbuminuria Ten years of follow-up of Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-stage Disease Intervention Trial

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Allan, G., Ivers, N., & Padwal, R. (2012).

Best thiazide diuretic for hypertension

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Tiziani, A. (2010).

Havard’s nursing guide to drug

(8th ed.). NSW: Elsevier Australia.

Bullock, S., Manias, E., & Galbraith, A. (2007).

Fundamentals of Pharmacology

(5th ed.). NSW: Pearson Education Australia.

Bryant, B., & Knights, K. (2011).

Pharmacology for Health Professionals

(3rd ed.). NSW: Elsevier Australian.

Wing, R., et al (2011).

Benefits of modest weight loss in improving cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes

. Diabetes Care, 34(7), 1481-1486.

Cornelissen, V., Buys, R., & Smart, N. (2013

). Endurance exercise beneficially affects ambulatory blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis

.

Journal Of Hypertension, 31

(4), 639-648.

Orazio, L., Isbel, N., Armstrong, K., Tarnarskyj, J., Johnson, D., Hale, R., & .Hickman, I. (2011).

Evaluation of dietetic advice for modification of cardiovascular disease risk factors in renal transplant recipients

. Journal Of Renal Nutrition, 21(6), 462-471.

http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au

Annesi, J. (2013

). Association of Multimodal Treatment-Induced Improvements in Stress, Exercise Volume, Nutrition, and Weight with Improved Blood Pressure in Severely Obese Women

. International Journal Of Behavioral Medicine, 20(3), 397-402

a) At a meeting of the Lazy Dayz health and safety committee- a health and safety representative raises the issue of manual handling. The health and safety rep is particularly concerned about task

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a)     At a meeting of the Lazy Dayz health and safety committee, a health and safety representative raises the issue of manual handling. The health and safety rep is particularly concerned about tasks that involve the handling of non-weight bearing clients.

Complete the risk assessment matrix attached to document your findings and use the hierarchy of control to suggest ways for addressing the risks.

Assessment 1 Instructions: Health Promotion Plan

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Assessment 1 Instructions: Health Promotion Plan

  • Develop a hypothetical health promotion plan, 2–3 pages in length, addressing a specific health concern for an individual or a group living in the community that you identified from the topic list provided. A hypothetical nonprofit group is highly recommended.

    • Bullying.
    • Home safety.
    • Fall prevention.
    • Immunizations.
    • Tobacco use (vaping, e-cigarettes, hookah, chewing tobacco, or smoking) cessation.
    • All assignments in the course are based upon hypothetical individuals or groups.

      For this assignment, you will plan for and enlist the participation of a hypothetical individual or group in a clinical learning activity based on a health promotion plan, addressing a particular health concern affecting these members of your community.

      Professional Context

      The first step in any effective project or clinical patient encounter is planning. This assessment provides an opportunity for you to plan a clinical learning experience focused on health promotion associated with a specific community health concern. Such a plan defines the critical elements of

      who

      ,

      what

      ,

      when

      ,

      where

      , and

      why

      that establish the foundation for an effective clinical learning experience for the participants. Completing this assessment will strengthen your understanding of how to plan and negotiate individual or group participation.

      Demonstration of Proficiency

      By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:

    • Competency 1: Analyze health risks and health care needs among distinct populations.

      • Analyze a community health concern that is the focus of a health promotion plan.
    • Competency 2: Propose health promotion strategies to improve the health of populations.

      • Explain why a health concern is important for health promotion within a specific population.
      • Establish agreed-upon health goals in collaboration with participants.
    • Competency 5: Apply professional, scholarly communication strategies to lead health promotion and improve population health.

      • Write clearly and concisely in a logically coherent and appropriate form and style.

    • Note:

      Assessment 1 must be completed first before you are able to submit Assessment 4.

      Preparation

      The first step in any effective project or clinical patient encounter is planning. This assessment provides an opportunity for you to plan a hypothetical clinical learning experience focused on health promotion associated with a specific community health concern. Such a plan defines the critical elements of who, what, when, where, and why that establish the foundation for an effective clinical learning experience for the participants. Completing this assessment will strengthen your understanding of how to plan and negotiate individual or group participation.

      You will need to satisfactorily pass Assessment 1 (Health Promotion Plan) before working on your last assignment (Assessment 4).

      To prepare for the assessment, consider various health concerns that you would like to be the focus of your plan from the topic list provided, the populations potentially affected by that concern, and hypothetical individuals or groups living in the community. Then, investigate your chosen concern and best practices for health improvement, based on supporting evidence.

      As you begin to prepare this assessment, you are encouraged to complete the Vila Health: Effective Interpersonal Communications activity. The information gained from completing this activity will help you succeed with the assessment. Completing activities is also a way to demonstrate engagement.

      Please choose one of the topics below:

    • Bullying.
    • Home safety.
    • Fall prevention.
    • Immunizations.
    • Tobacco use (vaping, e-cigarettes, hookah, chewing tobacco, or smoking) cessation.
    • In addition, you are encouraged to:
    • Complete the Vila Health: Effective Interpersonal Communications simulation.
    • Review the health promotion plan assessment and scoring guide to ensure that you understand the work you will be asked to complete.
    • Review the MacLeod article, “


      Making SMART Goals Smarter


      .”

    • Note:

      Remember that you can submit all, or a portion of, your draft assessment to


      Smarthinking Tutoring


      for feedback before you submit the final version for this assessment. If you plan on using this free service, be mindful of the turnaround time of 24–48 hours for receiving feedback.

      Instructions

      Health Promotion Plan

    • Choose a one of these specific health concern as the focus of your health promotion plan.

      • Bullying.
      • Home safety.
      • Fall prevention.
      • Immunizations.
      • Tobacco use (vaping, e-cigarettes, hookah, chewing tobacco, or smoking) cessation.
    • Then, investigate your chosen concern and best practices for health improvement, based on supporting evidence.
    • Identify populations potentially affected by this health concern. Determine what their related concerns may be and explain why addressing this health concern is important for health promotion.
    • Identify a hypothetical individual or community group among the affected population who would benefit from an educational session about your chosen health concern and associated health improvement strategies.
    • Identify expectations for an educational session, determining goals, and suggestions on how the individual or group needs can be met. The hypothetical audience needs to be described and the educational plan should be outlined. Health goals need to be clear, measurable, and appropriate for this activity.
    • Then, research and document their potential learning needs and health promotion goals.
    • Document Format and Length

      Your health promotion plan should be 2–3 pages in length.

      Supporting Evidence

      Support your health promotion plan with peer-reviewed articles, course study resources, and Healthy People 2020 resources. Cite at least three credible sources published within the past five years, using APA format.

      Graded Requirements

      The requirements outlined below correspond to the grading criteria in the scoring guide, so be sure to address each point. Read the performance-level descriptions for each criterion to see how your work will be assessed.

    • Analyze the health concern that is the focus of your health promotion plan.

      • Consider underlying assumptions and points of uncertainty in your analysis.
    • Explain why a health concern is important for health promotion within a specific population.

      • Examine current population health data.
      • Consider the factors that contribute to health, health disparities, and access to services.
    • Explain the importance of establishing agreed-upon health goals in collaboration with hypothetical participants.
    • Write clearly and concisely in a logically coherent and appropriate form and style.

      • Write with a specific purpose and audience in mind.
      • Adhere to scholarly and disciplinary writing standards and APA formatting requirements.
    • Before submitting your assessment for grading, proofread it to minimize errors that could distract readers and make it difficult for them to focus on the substance of your plan.


      Portfolio Prompt:

      Remember to save the assessment to your ePortfolio so that you may refer to it as you complete the final capstone course.








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Health and Safety Management in Health and Social Care

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Review and assess the management of health and safety.

According to Health and Safety Executive (2008), Health and Safety is the protection of workers from harm or ill health by appropriate precaution and provision of satisfactory work environment.To implement the accountable, adaptable and aggressive standards towards the organization`s goal and to motivate employees to work towards achieving this goal , our organization used the strategy of adding value and sense in ways of communicating information towards the employees.

In our multidisciplinary team are people having some disabilities and come from different culture and background. To keep a good two-ways communication between staff and visitors (families, friends, relatives, inspectors),before searching for answers or documents in the office, the information are provided using video and audio-posters, sign& symbols, picture, boards. This is intended to increase the understanding and performance of employee full potential in benefits of the organization regarding new changes occurred in place.

A simple way of using quotes to proper body hygiene and stop spreading infection, by showing how to wash your hands as an understanding way in which our health or hygiene might put a risk the persons we support or other people at work. Pictures on the meniu board, showing what next meal will be as a easier way to choose one of them for people having hearing, speaking disability. Safe handling of infected or soiled linen and clinical waste by using a labeling colored code or shape of bags, bins, box. Some time the lack of time, lack of enthusiasm or lack of confidence to take responsibility due lack of motivation in learning process of changes can create conflicts between team members. To eliminate this barriers, ensuring compliance with the law, employer make sure that signs are posted that inform of dangers, temporary diversions, hazardous operations or anything that might affect general safety. A mandatory thing in regard to health and safety is to ensure the legalisation in force are followed and completed such as fire exits labelled health and safety policy clearly shown to all employees in the workplace.

Everyone in their workplace had to provide protection, using protective equipment provided pursuant to requirement under the Health and Safety Act, for securing his health and safety while working and co-operate with line manager or colleagues to comply with the provisions of care. To eliminate or minimize the risks can occur in workplace, employer must suited to their particular situation –workplace- in order to achieve desired safety outcomes and preventing accidents for poor safety and health management.

Allocation of responsibilities for health and safety done at every level within the organisations. Communicate effectively providing information about hazards, risks and outlining preventative measures,ensuring competencies means that an employer should have access to knowledge regarding health and safety regulations, skills and experience.

Health and safety is everyone responsibility, wild dispensed throughout the hierarchy some roles take more responsibilities than others. Specific responsibilities will be given to specific persons at specific level, all individuals have to control their responsible areas. Health and Safety responsible employee have to check and control all the safety equipments and make sure that all the standards meant for Health and Safety controlled and maintained by employees and all the employees working according to tasks assigns.

Periodical reviews and audits should be implemented from within an organisations Health and Safety department and externally from the HSE. Ensuring all employees keeps up to date in training and health and safety, use of safety audits, hazard checks, seminar and training. This will help to maintain and improve the ability to manage risks by learning from experience.


Health and safety priorities in health and social care setting

In our Rehab Home the management has the responsibility of protecting everybody in the work setting against health and safety issues that may occur during their duties, visit or living setting .Specially for employees start from training and basic regulation such as cleaning to avoid infection spreading, food poisoning or contamination ; making sure that the equipments are working and are kept in designated area; trained to used fire extinguishers in case of fire and to use of first aid kit things that are critical helpers in case of accident and hazards what can occurs.

Any new employee or new patient in our Rehab Home, changes in equipment used or changes in technology with direct implication on health and safety indicate the need for training and appraisal .The training will help staff to carry out their duties efficiently by acquiring skills and knowledge required by the workplace and affect in positive way the life of patients in our setting. An important fact of health and safety at work is managing time and this is affecting our workers too. When working overtime occurs because of shortages staff, sicknesses or annual leave, the errors are increased by omitting some important tasks .A poor management in work planning and correct prioritization lead to disorganization and chaos which lead to stress and ineffectiveness for everyone in workplace patients and multidisciplinary team.

HSE said that stress is it not a disease but can lead to one when is going for a long period of time or if is excessive. To reduce the stress and increased the work related performance in Rehab Home our team manager done a risk assessment which identified the problems which have led to stress : lack of information and communication, working alone, using inadequate equipment or not using personal protective equipment , confusion about each member of staff role , team working. Some of those barriers were eliminated by involving staff in mandatory training, supervision, and additional mentoring. Were made a one to one supervision to identify the reason which involves sick leave and find modalities to reduce the shortness of staff and overtime work.

In the last century health practices were considered a hazardous environment. Because of not application of basic principles of hygiene and infection, many factors appear to have lead to this situation, patients coming from wild areas, sore pressures by staying longer immobile in beds, infections transmitted by pets were other influencing factors. Using sterilizing equipment to reduce cross infection and meet best practice standards, making strong control of following infection control policies decreased over the time spreading of infection in health care setting.

An example of infection control is Methicillin-resistant-Staphylococcus Aureus known as MRSA, an antibiotic resistant organism which occurred lately in our Rehab Home too. Patients having regular checking in hospitals, visitors, inadequate use of drugs, misuses of PPE are the main causes which enable Rehab Home to keep this infection under control. Been known since 1960s, MRSA has an epidemic began in Kettering Hospital in 1990. NINSS report for 1997-1999 done after checking 96 English hospitals.

The Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Biological Agents) Regulations from 2013(S.I. No.572 of 2013) sets minimum requirements for protection of workers from health risks associated with biological agents in the workplace. A list of biological agents, classification and containment measures and levels are provided in relevant Code of Practice.


The Health and Safety requirements impact on patients


Care plans

are a form of patient-friendly ‘roadmap’ that records the relevant information about patients, and should enable all professionals to develop a knowledge of patient social, psychological and physical wellbeing of individual and those are the main reasons why communicating correct information on individual health and safety in accordance with the law enables professionals to deliver care and planned throughout information provided by organization.

Care planning is a process which never completed until the individual in care is discharged from the setting or die. In this order the care plan needs to be re-evaluated, to have continuity and daily update made, as patient status changes. Care planning is the most important aspect of holistic care even though it is highly underestimated and often neglected. More often a nursing assessment is based on the medical side of the patient rather than the holistic approach.


Risk

is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or will experience health effect if exposed to a hazard, property or equipment loss. The Health and Safety Executive is responsible for ensuring by putting in place health and safety strategies of work. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (the Management Regulations) has the main requirement on employers to carry out a risk assessment.


Risk Assessment

is part of Risk Management and is part of organizations insurance that will not expose people to unnecessary risk, offer and keeping up to date staff training and up keeping of their skills. Management of health and Safety at work regulations 1999 makes sure that employers carry out risk assessments and appoint a competent person to assist the employer in Health and Safety, and to establish procedures and provide training and information to employees. Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 ensure that employer provide adequate and appropriate welfare facilities for employees while they are at work.

In making a risk assessment we take in consideration factors that influence the level of risk such as: the level of exposure to a hazardous thing or condition; how is it exposed and the degree of effects in condition of exposure. A risk assessment process has to: Identify the hazards; Decide who might be harmed and how; Evaluate the risks and decide on precaution; Record your findings and implement them; Review your assessment and update if necessary.  Needs assessments as part of risk assessment, used to determine what is missing between the fact situation and what is want or what ‘ought’ to be. For example, in our Rehab Home we have to do assessment of long-term medical and psychosocial care needs and services for a patient who refused regularly to take his medication and must be made to determine if there are adequate services provided. That will determine us on expanding/ trained/enhancing/ installing the lacking professional services. Our mental health setting support individuals who have complex needs because of the co-existence of disability, physical illness or social problems and their main problem is refusing medication.

Certain needs are postulated to be ‘universal’ in humans generally (

Maslow, 1954

), each area or group of the individual will have more specific types of need. As an example, elderly people with dementia may have specific and unique needs related to their disabilities but their range of general needs is the same as everyone else’s (

Murphy, 1992

).There is an issue of mental health needs and the assessment has many opinion and has been wild researched in the UK, special after introduction of legislation (National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990) which tend to generate more coordinated and comprehensive service provision by social services and the National Health Service. Basically the monitoring involves review of practices, auditing of risks and threats, updating the procedures and policies, and learning from experience. An organization can only be effective if it takes note of past threats and develops strategies that can minimize recurrence.

In the health and social care settings, difficulties may arise when trying to implement ant-discriminatory practices. These problems may interfere with staff or with patients making them think they might be being discriminated against, put the service users in situation to feel unworthy and lower their confidence and self esteem. As a professional when this happening, it is our duty to challenge our colleague. It is important that when implementing anti-discriminatory practise because there are different factors that could affect different people. Is it vital the care that patients receive, and should be met at a higher standard and not given by judging service users background, upbringing, race, culture, religion and even sex. If some of the staff member is it make responsible for the care may treat patients differently or having a problem with the person’s views the management has to take act of it and offer extra training and counselling to staff involved.

Compliance

in healthcare, used to assure that the service is handled in the most ethical fashion in accordance with legal requirements. In our health care setting every individuals has their own rights to be treated fairly. The rights are based upon on the principles of care value base, such as: promoting anti-discriminatory practice, maintaining confidentiality, promoting and supporting individuals rights to dignity, needs (which is included physical, emotional, environmental, social, cultural, mental health, spiritual etc) choices, preferences, independence and safety, equality, diversity and human rights, acknowledging an individual’s personal beliefs and identity, protecting individuals from abuse, promoting effective communication and relationships and providing individualized patient care.

The main concern of the principles is to ensure that service users and careers are treated with respect and to protect the safety of service users. Service users by law are allowed to access their records – Data Protection Act 1998 & Freedom of Information Act 2000, therefore clients should be allowed to read information and contribute to the development, review of their care plans. Service users need to know who you need to share their information with and why. Their consent is important or else the confidentiality policy will be breached, but in cases where if information is withheld it could put the individual at risk then information needs to be passed on.

The law made our nursing homes to be part of the only sector of the entire health care industry to have an explicit statutory requirement for providing what is now called “person-centred care”. Patient centred care is the right care, the highest quality care and the most cost effective care for that one patient.


References :

Coles, C. (1996) Approaching Professional Development; Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions. 16; 152-158.

Curtis, K. (1999) The Physical Therapist’s Guide to Health Care. New Jersey; SLACK Inc.

Maslow, A. H. (1954)

Motivation and Personality

. New York: Harper & Row.

Springer, K., & Murphy, G. L. (1992). Feature availability in conceptual combination. Psychological Science, 3, 111-117.

Shortell, S. & Singer, S. (2008) Improving Patient Safety by Taking Systems Seriously; The Journal of the American Medical Association. 299(4); 445-447.


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http://www.nice.org.uk/niceMedia/documents/wphealth_goodpractice.pdf

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http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/hsg220.pdf

, accesed 24.03.2014


http://www.compactlaw.co.uk/free_legal_articles/health_and_safety.html

, accessed 15.04.2014


http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics

, accessed 15.04.2014


http://www.hse.gov.uk/

, accessed 22.04.2014


http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Employment/HealthAndSafetyAtWork/index.htm

, accessed 22.04.2014