NURS 6053/NURS 6053N/NRSE 6053C/NURS 6053C/NURS 6053A/NRSE 6053A: Developing Organizational Policies and Practices

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NURS 6053/NURS 6053N/NRSE 6053C/NURS 6053C/NURS 6053A/NRSE 6053A:Interprofessional Organizational and Systems Leadership

Developing Organizational Policies and Practices

Competing needs arise within any organization as employees seek to meet their targets and leaders seek to meet company goals. As a leader, successful management of these goals requires establishing priorities and allocating resources accordingly.

Within a healthcare setting, the needs of the workforce, resources, and patients are often in conflict. Mandatory overtime, implementation of staffing ratios, use of unlicensed assisting personnel, and employer reductions of education benefits are examples of practices that might lead to conflicting needs in practice.

Leaders can contribute to both the problem and the solution through policies, action, and inaction. In this Assignment, you will further develop the white paper you began work on in Module 1 by addressing competing needs within your organization.

To Prepare:

  • Review the national healthcare issue/stressor you examined in your Assignment for Module 1, and review the analysis of the healthcare issue/stressor you selected.
  • Identify and review two evidence-based scholarly resources that focus on proposed policies/practices to apply to your selected healthcare issue/stressor.
  • Reflect on the feedback you received from your colleagues on your Discussion post regarding competing needs.

The Assignment (4-5 pages):

Developing Organizational Policies and Practices

Add a section to the paper you submitted in Module 1. The new section should address the following:

  • Identify and describe at least two competing needs impacting your selected healthcare issue/stressor.
  • Describe a relevant policy or practice in your organization that may influence your selected healthcare issue/stressor.
  • Critique the policy for ethical considerations, and explain the policy’s strengths and challenges in promoting ethics.
  • Recommend one or more policy or practice changes designed to balance the competing needs of resources, workers, and patients, while addressing any ethical shortcomings of the existing policies. Be specific and provide examples.
  • Cite evidence that informs the healthcare issue/stressor and/or the policies, and provide two scholarly resources in support of your policy or practice recommendations.

Acute subdural haemorrhage

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Acute subdural haemorrhage

login to this website to get ebooks/articles/databases https://my.nyp.edu.sg/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/STUDENT_PORTAL/STUDENT_PORTAL_DOCUMENTLIBRARY/login.htm

In this essay, i would have to write on the nursing & medical management of adult patients in the medical-surgical setting on the topic: acute subdural haemorrhage

based in Singapore practices

The content will have to be based by:
1. Introduction of the topic and link abit of acute subdural haematoma, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms.
2. current practices and challenges from nurses
***search and use current and credible information from relevant soucres such as evidence-based research articles, clinical practices guidelines, online databases,

journal artices and textbooks
3. recommendations to apply to clinicial praactices in nursing field

i have to state the current practices in neurology department on nursing this group of patients and what are the current challenges faced and relate.
i work in a surgical general ward. so i have to relate to. if i have such patient overflow to my ward for preop/post op after stepdown from neurology ICA to General

ward, what and how can the nurses take care & monitor this patient? if it is a new staff nurse or not neuro trained, what should and could be educate?

2 areas to focus on will be:
– monitoring of CLC & GCS monitoring
– post EVD monitoring & ex EVD drain site for risk of infection

:What is the importance of financial information to a hospital? Who are the various users of the hospital financial information and how is the information used in healthcare decision making?

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:What is the importance of financial information to a hospital? Who are the various users of the hospital financial information and how is the information used in healthcare decision making?

What is the importance of financial information to a hospital?
Who are the various users of the hospital financial information and how is the information used in healthcare decision making?
Discuss the differences between financial and managerial accounting and how each applies to healthcare facilities?

Risk Safety and Pain Management for the Elderly Patient

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Scenario #2

An 82-year-old male (R.L) is admitted to your care after falling at home. R.L. is alert and reports that he has bilateral knee pain and needs more pain medication. He lists Tramadol and Lortab as the two medications that work best for the pain and takes both regularly. His wife states that this has been a problem for over a year and that “he doesn’t do much because his knees hurt”. R.I. stated that he also takes a statin, antihypertensive medication, Metformin, and a PPI . He appears compliant with his medications. Surgical history includes a CABG three years ago. His BMI is 30.3. He has Medicare Parts A, B, D, plus a Medicare supplement.

Introduction

The aging process is normal and it is something that every human beings will all experience. During the aging process our bodies will go through a variety of changes whether it is subtle or profound. The aging population does have specific interest of certain needs that should be met. Mentally and physically the older person are no longer agile as they were younger. In the case study above, shows how an elderly man has presented with so many challenges in his life. As the nurse practitioner is important to launch an initiative to tackle these challenges and conceptualize solutions in order for this patient have the optimal care. There are four topics that should be address for this 82-year-old man such as polypharmacy, falls and fall risk safety, pain management and Medicare D.

Polypharmacy

The elderly population are often prescribed multiple medications due to multiple comorbidities.

Merriam-Webster’s definition of polypharmacy is the practice of administering or using multiple medications especially concurrently (as in the treatment of a single disease or of several coexisting conditions) (Merriam- Webster.com, n.d.). Polypharmacy is a growing issue within the healthcare system and it is an issue that should not be ignored. As we get older, the body goes through many changes, and these changes can affect the therapeutic level of drugs. These can then lead to many risk factors; shortness of breath, hypertension, fall risks, dependency instrumental activities of daily living, poor self-reported health, decrease in lower extremity function, and tension between patient and provider . Each person reacts differently to a drug, but most go through the same biological bodily changes (at different times) as we get older, and these changes can produce a chain of event that can alter medication absorption.  The patient R.L. takes Tramadol, Lortab, statin, antihypertensive medication, Metformin and a PPI. As the nurse practitioner the patient would be advised about the drug interactions between Tramadol Hydrochloride ER (tramadol) and Lortab (acetaminophen / hydrocodone). It is not advisable for the patient to combine Tramadol with another narcotic due to side effects such as light-headedness, dizziness, sedation, nausea, vomiting, constipation, sweating, and pruritus respiratory depression, sedation and nausea. According to a study PPI have recently been associated with clinically relevant side effects as well as interactions with other drugs. Moreover, it has been reported that PPIs might interfere with cholesterol metabolism. Indeed, PPIs may increase statin action since both drugs are metabolized by the same P450 cytochromes (CYP3A4, CYP2C19). PPIs may act as an agonist for liver X receptor (LXR), which is associated with cholesterol metabolism (Barkas et al 2015). Also antihypertensive and Lortab are known to cause dizziness, bradycardia, and lightheadedness.

Intervention:

Complete a thorough assessment of the patient’s medication because older adults are not good historians. It is important to ask the right question to get a complete list of all of their medications including over-the-counter drugs. In addition, educate the patients on side effects of the medication.  As the nurse practitioner, reviewing the medications such be done often. A lot of times the elderly population forget about the side effects and run the risks of drug to drug interactions. A simple intervention could be medication adjustments such as discontinuing the narcotics for NSAIDs to avoid opioid dependency. Another tool that should be incorporated as a clinician is the Beers Criteria that is use as a guide when it comes to prescribing medications.  On the Beers criteria, it informs the clinician on drugs that generally should be avoided in older adults. Drugs to be avoided in combination with specific comorbidities. Drugs to be used with caution and drug-drug interactions that should be avoided in elderly. Drugs to be avoided or dosage reduced with varying levels of kidney function (Chandrappa, & Rajarathna, 2019).Since the patient appears compliant with his medication, another tool to use is the Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders (ACOVE). ACOVE allows the provider the choice of medication, monitoring parameters, a maintenance list of medications and drug regimen reviews (Ham et al, 2014). As a nurse practitioner my goal is to practice safe medication administration by utilizing the tools available in order to give quality care.

Falls and fall risk safety

The topic of falls would be something that should be address because it is the patient’s chief complaint.  Falls are very common in the older population and are the reason for older adults to be hospitalized.  According Sharif et al., (2018) a fall is an accidental events in which a person falls when his/her center of gravity is lost and no effort is made to restore balance or when this effort is ineffective (p.1).  At least a third of older persons living at home will fall at least once a year, and about 1 in 40 will be hospitalized (Ham et al., 2014). As the nurse practitioner, it is our duty to investigate what could be causing R.L.’s fall at home and look at all the possible variables.  Some risks factors to look out for are history  of  falling, use  of  assistive  devices,  environmental hazards such as poor lightening, and various health conditions, including  muscle  weakness, vertigo,  gait  and balance impairments, visual and hearing disorders, cognitive and sensory impairments, orthostatic hypotension, cardiovascular medications, and osteoporosis (Sharif et al, 2019). Clearly R.L. is on cardiovascular medications as listed above. Also, he stated that he has bilateral knee pain which indicates that R.L. would have gait and balance impairment. Therefore, it is essential that a thorough assessment is performed in order to get a better understanding of what could be contributing to him falling at home.

Interventions:

A post fall assessment should be performed in order to figure out what might have cause the fall and to determine possible differential diagnosis (Ham et al, 2014). Also, a Mini-Mental State Examination would be performed to rule out any cognitive disorders. It is important to note that R.L. is on narcotics and antihypertensive drugs that could have caused confusion. In addition evaluate for any urinary tract infections that can cause confusion which lead to his fall. According to the American and British Geriatric Societies” older adults who report a single fall should be evaluated for mobility impairment and unsteadiness using a simple observational test with those who demonstrate mobility problems or unsteadiness” (Ham et al., 2014).

An important tool to nurse practitioner should incorporate is STEADI (Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries) initiative. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) created the STEADI (Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries) initiative, based on American Geriatric Society Guidelines to assist healthcare providers in preventing older adult falls (Bergen & Eckstrom, 2018). STEADI allows nurse practitioners to screen older patients for fall risk, assessing at-risk patients to identify modifiable risk factors, and intervening by recommending evidence-based strategies (Bergen & Eckstrom, 2018). Educating the patient and his wife is vital because informing a family member could potentially save his life. The patient R. L. does have risk factors such multiple medication so it would be important to review each medication and making sure that he continues to adhere to his medications. Another thing a nurse practitioner should do is to find out if there any environmental hazards at home such as no rails or grab bars in bathroom, uneven carpeting, multiple stairs and lack of assistive devices that might be contributing to his fall. It is important to conduct a home safety assessment to correct changes necessary in order to prevent future falls.

Pain Management

Often times pain are poorly reported in the older population because they feel that it is part of the aging process. Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage (Ham et al., 2014). Yet in many older adults, pain is often left untreated or underestimated by clinicians.  Pain are poorly controlled in the elderly population due to difficult communication or fear of side effects of medications when there a comorbidities (Ham et al., 2014). The patient R.L. has had bilateral knee pain which seems to be persistent due to the request of additional pain medication. Based on the patient’s statement he has been taking Tramadol and Lortab for over a year that could imply opioid dependency.

Intervention

Acccording to Ham et al., (2014)

Diet and Exercise

  • Barkas, F., Elisaf, M., Rizos, C. V., Klouras, E., Kostapanos, M. S., & Liberopoulos, E. (2015). Proton pump inhibitors and statins: a possible interaction that favors low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction? Hippokratia, 19(4), 332–337.
  • Bergen, G., & Eckstrom, E. (2018). Building the evidence base for falls prevention: The CDC’S STEADI initiative. Innovation in aging, 2(Suppl 1), 237. doi:10.1093/geroni/igy023.882
  • Chandrappa, S., R., D., & Rajarathna, K. kavitharajarathna@gmail. co. (2019). Assessing prescriptions for potentially inappropriate medications using Beer’s criteria in elderly in-patients at a tertiary care hospital. Journal of ICT Research & Applications, 9(2), 145–149. https://doi-org.proxy.ulib.uits.iu.edu/10.5455/njppp.2019.9.1236011122018
  • Merriam-Webster.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.merriam-
  • webster.com/dictionary/polypharmacy: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/polypharmacy
  • Sharif, S. I., Al-Harbi, A. B., Al-Shihabi, A. M., Al-Daour, D. S., & Sharif, R. S. (2018). Falls in the elderly: assessment of prevalence and risk factors. Pharmacy Practice (1886-3655), 16(3), 1–6. https://doi-org.proxy.ulib.uits.iu.edu/10.18549/PharmPract.2018.03.1206

LATERAL VIOLENCE

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LATERAL VIOLENCE

Lateral Violence

For your course project, you will be required to write a research paper on lateral violence, which is due for submission in Module Seven. The goals of this research paper are: 1) to develop skills in conducting a literature search through the Shapiro Library electronic search engines, 2) to demonstrate the ability to write an academic paper utilizing the skills in critical reading, thinking, and writing, as well as analysis, synthesis, and APA style, and 3) to develop an understanding of lateral violence, how it manifests itself, and potential interventions that may stop it.

One issue in Nursing is a paradox: Nursing is known as a caring profession, yet, it is not uncommon to find lateral violence among nurses in the workplace. Embree and White (2010) presented a literature review that analyzed this concept of lateral violence. Sheridan-Leos (2008) identified four theories as to why lateral violence occurs and described the effects of lateral violence. She shared actions that others have recommended to stop lateral violence. Sauer (2011) identified that 25 years of attempts made to eradicate this phenomenon in Nursing have not been successful. She presented a case study to demonstrate the extent of the problem.

Embree, J., & White, A. (2010). Concept analysis: nurse-to-nurse lateral violence. Nursing Forum, 45(3), 166-173. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6198.2010.00185.x
Sauer, P. (2011). Do nurses eat their young? Truth and consequences. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 38(1), 43-46. doi:10:1016/j.jen.2011.08.012

Sheridan-Leos, N. (2008). Professional issues: Understanding lateral violence in Nursing. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 12(3), 399-403. doi:10.1188/08.CJON.399-403.

For this assignment you write a 5-7 page paper using a total of five articles, three are listed here for you and you are to locate two additional articles through the Shapiro Library. The additional articles must be peer-reviewed journal articles. Who should be responsible for eliminating lateral violence in the nursing workplace? State your position clearly in the thesis statement, and use the content in the articles to defend your position.

To be able to answer the question in this assignment, you will have to examine the information presented in the articles, analyze the arguments of each author, weigh the pros and cons of each claim, and decide where you stand on the issue.

Please see the Written Paper Rubric for more information, and Refer to the Research/Writing section of the course for writing and APA lectures, Scholarly Paper Guidelines, Shapiro Library, and other information designed to help your succeed in your writing assignments.

Recommendation 5: Double the number of nurses with a doctorate by 2020.

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Recommendation 5: Double the number of nurses with a doctorate by 2020.

In a reflection of 450-600 words, explain how you see yourself fitting into the following IOM Future of Nursing recommendations:
1. Recommendation 4: Increase the proportion of nurses with a baccalaureate degree to 80% by 2020.
2. Recommendation 5: Double the number of nurses with a doctorate by 2020.
3. Recommendation 6: Ensure that nurses engage in lifelong learning.
Identify your options in the job market based on your educational level. (I have Associate degree in nursing (ADN) and this a Bachelor science in nursing program, (BSN) so you can have based it on BSN, because I will be done soon)
1. How will increasing your level of education affect how you compete in the current job market?
2. How will increasing your level of education affect your role in the future of nursing?

What significant changes have you noticed related to your role as a nurse leader, particularly with regard to your specialty area?

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What significant changes have you noticed related to your role as a nurse leader, particularly with regard to your specialty area?

 

 

Professional Growth and DNP Project Development

Write a cohesive response that addresses the following:
•    What significant changes have you noticed related to your role as a nurse leader, particularly with regard to your specialty area? How does this relate to

Walden’s and the School of Nursing’s mission, vision, and goals? How has the practicum experience, in particular, aided your professional growth and development?
•    How has your DNP Project progressed since the beginning of this course? What new skills or knowledge have you gained during this time, and how has this

influenced your project development? What challenges have you encountered? What kind of support would help you to move forward?
•    Propose two or more strategies for promoting your continued professional development.

Readings
•    Bevan, H. (2010). How can we build skills to transform the healthcare system? Journal of Research in Nursing, 15(2), 139–148. doi:10.1177/1744987109357612
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

This article addresses the need to invest in leadership skill building and shifts in mindset to promote large-scale change.
•    Gifford, W., Davies, B., Tourangeau, A., & Lefebre, N. (2011). Developing team leadership to facilitate guideline utilization: Planning and evaluating a 3-

month intervention strategy. Journal of Nursing Management, 19(1), 121–132. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01140.x
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

The authors discuss operationalizing leadership behaviors that can help to further evidence-based practice.
•    Goeschel, C. A. (2011). Nursing leadership at the crossroads: Evidence-based practice “Matching Michigan-minimizing catheter related blood stream infections.”

BACCN Nursing in Critical Care, 16(1), 35–42.
Nursing leadership at the crossroads: evidence-based practice ‘Matching Michigan-minimizing catheter related blood stream infections’ by Goeschel, C., in Nursing in

Critical Care, Vol. 16/Issue 1. Copyright 2011 by Blackwell Publishing – Journal. Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishing – Journal via the Copyright Clearance

Center.

This article features lessons learned from the implementation of evidence-based practice in more than 100 ICUs across the United States.
•    Mathews, S. C., & Pronovost, P. J. (2011). The need for systems integration in health care. JAMA,305(9), 934–935.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

In this article, the authors discuss the need for systems integration in order to promote quality and safety on a larger scale.
•    Pronovost, P. J., Marsteller, J. A., & Goeschel, C. A. (2011). Preventing bloodstream infections: A measurable national success story in quality improvement.

Health Affairs, 30(4), 628–634. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0047
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

The authors discuss the multi-step process taken by many stakeholders (e.g., states, federal agencies, hospitals, clinicians) to successfully reduce and eradicate

central-line infections.

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As a professional nurse- you are expected to apply your expertise to patient care. On occasion- you will also be expected to share that expertise. With evolving technology and continuous changes to re 1

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As a professional nurse, you are expected to apply your expertise to patient care. On occasion, you will also be expected to share that expertise.

With evolving technology and continuous changes to regulations designed to keep up these changes, there is usually a need to share information and expertise to inform colleagues, leadership, patients, and other stakeholders.

In this Assignment, you will study a recent nursing informatics-related healthcare policy, and you will share the relevant details via a fact sheet designed to inform and educate.


To Prepare:

  • Review the Resources on healthcare policy and regulatory/legislative topics related to health and nursing informatics.
  • Consider the role of the nurse informaticist in relation to a healthcare organization’s compliance with various policies and regulations, such as the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act (MACRA).
  • Research and select one health or nursing informatics policy (within the past 5 years) or regulation for further study.


The Assignment: (1 page)

Create a 1-page fact sheet that your healthcare organization could hypothetically use to explain the health or nursing informatics policy/regulation you selected. Your fact sheet should address the following:

  • Briefly and generally explain the policy or regulation you selected.
  • Address the impact of the policy or regulation you selected on system implementation.
  • Address the impact of the policy or regulation you selected on clinical care, patient/provider interactions, and workflow.
  • Highlight organizational policies and procedures that are/will be in place at your healthcare organization to address the policy or regulation you selected. Be specific.

Unit iv assignment | BBA 2501 – Principles of Microeconomics | Columbia Southern University

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Instructions

Ruby Red Movie Theater has experimented with using different numbers of workers in the concession area of the theater as well as at the ticket counter. In these experiments, Tracy, the manager of the theater, collected data on total number of buckets of popcorn as well as movie ticket sales produced per day. Tracy would like for you to analyze the data and tell her how many workers she should use each day in the concession stand area for producing popcorn and in the ticket area for producing movie ticket sales. She would also like to know how many buckets of popcorn and movie tickets will be produced/sold by those workers per day.Access the Unit IV Assignment Worksheet in Blackboard. You will complete the following in this worksheet:

Part 1

Complete the tables calculating the average product, marginal product, total value product, average value product, and marginal value product.

Part 2

Answer the five questions after each table as a guide to use when writing your essay.

Part 3

Write an essay of at least 750 words in which you address the following:

Describe your calculations in the table.

Indicate the number of workers used per day where the law of diminishing marginal returns begins for producing buckets of popcorn.

Indicate the number of workers used per day where the law of diminishing marginal returns begins for movie ticket sales production.

Describe the shapes of both the average product and marginal product curves, and include how they compare to the average value product and marginal value product curves for both buckets of popcorn and movie tickets.

Indicate the optimal number of workers per day to use and the corresponding total number of buckets of popcorn to produce. Make sure you indicate how you found this optimal number of workers and total number of buckets of popcorn.

Indicate the optimal number of workers per day to use and the corresponding total number of movie tickets to sell (produce). Make sure you indicate how you determined this optimal number of workers and total number of movie tickets.

Include a copy of the completed tables and your question answers from the worksheet after your essay (e.g., on the page following your reference page, if you have one). The minimum word count will not include the information from the worksheet (tables and answers).Any sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. All references and citations used must be in APA Style.

ACCORDING TO REED, PAGATTARO, CAHOY, SHEDD, AND MAGID (2015), THERE ARE SOME SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LAW THAT ARE CRITICAL TO AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF LAW, ESPECIALLY AS THEY RELATE TO THIS COURSE.

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ACCORDING TO REED, PAGATTARO, CAHOY, SHEDD, AND MAGID (2015), THERE ARE SOME SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LAW THAT ARE CRITICAL TO AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF LAW, ESPECIALLY AS THEY RELATE TO THIS COURSE.

1. After reading the required reading for week one, what do you believe is the relationship, if any, between “fair” and “law”? Does one influence the other? Does public opinion play a role in how the courts (especially the U.S. Supreme Court) interpret the law? If so, does public opinion help employers predict how the law may or may not change? Explain.

2. According to Reed, Pagattaro, Cahoy, Shedd, and Magid (2015), there are some significant differences between civil and criminal law that are critical to an understanding of the roles and functions of law, especially as they relate to this course. The civil law to which I refer is different from the civil law legal system, which is one of the two great law “families” or classifications of legal systems.

What is the Civil Law System? What is the primary distinction between common law and civil law legal systems? Why is the United States a “common law country”?

Reference

Reed, O.L., Pagattaro, M.A., Cahoy, D.R., Shedd, P.J., & Magid, J.M. (2015). The legal and regulatory environment of business (17th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

3. Please explain how whistle blowing is “very unethical and a good indication of a bad worker such as trust or dedication to the company”. Is this your opinion of Sherron Watkins, the employee that blew the whistle at Enron? According to Halbert and Ingulli (2012), Sherron Watkins, the Enron corporate whistle blower is the prototype for such whistleblowers, taking her concerns “up the hierarchy” reporting her superiors instead of to the government or the media. The question raised about her method of blowing the whistle is that it is a difficult position for a corporate insider “who chooses to blow the whistle and asks whether SOX, which is the federal law designed to prevent future Enrons, adequately addresses the quandary of employees like Sherron Watkins” (Ch. 2). Do you believe there is a legitimate concern about the “quandary of employees like Sherron Watkins”? What would you have done if you were in a situation similar to Ms. Watkins?

Reference

Halbert, J.D., T. & Ingulli, J.D., LL.M. E. (2012). Law & ethics in the business environment (7th ed.) New York: Cengage Learning, Co.

4. In this learning activity, the research director of PharmCo, a midsize pharmaceutical company, tells top management of an important new discovery. After years of effort, one of the company’s research teams has discovered a drug that will reverse pattern baldness, the leading cause of male hair loss. The potential for profit from such a drug is enormous, but the director cautions that two of the eight principal researchers on the team believe that the drug may also increase the possibility of potentially fatal cerebral aneurysms in a very tiny percentage of users.

Using the text, chapter 2 of Reed, Pagattaro, Cahoy, Shedd, and Magid (2015), how would you respond to the following?

If follow-up animal studies of the new drug do not show significant side effects, would it be ethical for the company to tell the two researchers to keep quiet about their concerns?
Is it ethical to put animals at risk to test the drug’s safety?