Franks Dogs has beginning net fixed assets of $480 and ending net fixed assets of $530. Assets valued at $300 were sold during the year.

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2.

The Ajax Co. just decided to save $1,500 a month for the next five years as a safety net for recessionary periods. The money will be set aside in a separate savings account which pays 3.25% interest compounded monthly. It deposits the first $1,500 today. What is the value of this investment in 5 years?


3. You are scheduled to receive annual payments of $10,000 for each of the next 25 years. Your interest rate is 8.5%. What is the value of this stream of payments at year 25


4. What is the net present value of a project with the following cash flows and a required return of 12%?


5.


Leslie’s Unique Clothing Stores offers a common stock that pays an annual dividend of $2.00 a share. The company has promised to maintain a constant dividend. How much are you willing to pay for one share of this stock if you want to earn 12% return on your equity investments?

Analyze the extent to which a nonprofit hospital is legally and ethically responsible to provide community benefit, using the ACHE decision-making model.

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Analyze the extent to which a nonprofit hospital is legally and ethically responsible to provide community benefit, using the ACHE decision-making model.

In 2006, 59% of the hospitals in the US were nonprofit. As you learned in the GAO report on nonprofit hospitals, to maintain this tax-exempt status, a hospital must provide benefit to the community, but there is some latitude by the IRS and other governmental agencies about what qualifies as community benefit.

In this Discussion, you will analyze the extent to which a nonprofit hospital is legally and ethically responsible to provide community benefit, using the ACHE decision-making model to guide your analysis of the following scenario:

The management team of Memorial Medical Center must make a decision regarding the continuation of one of its outpatient clinics. To provide better community service, MMC developed three outpatient clinics throughout a large metropolitan area. Over the past several years, one of the clinics has consistently been a financial loser. The losses have grown even as the costs of maintaining the clinic have increased. A primary reason for the negative financial performance is the high amount of non-reimbursed healthcare services—the clinic provides needed health care to a low-income part of the metropolitan area. Several members of the executive management team believe MMC has no alternative other than closing the clinic. One member of the management team, however, believes that the situation raises ethical concerns, and that the executive team seeks an ethics-grounded response to the problem. (Nelson, p. 9)

To prepare for this Discussion:

  • Review the GAO report (https://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08880.pdf), paying particular attention to its discussion about criteria for nonprofit status.
  • Review the article “An Organizational Ethics Decision-Making Process,” and apply the steps of the decision-making model to this scenario, going into more detailed analysis than is already provided in the article. What options does this hospital have? Clarify your ethical reasoning for each option.
  • If you were an administrator at MMC, what decision would you make?

Post by Day 3 a response to the following:

  • Are the clinics helping MMC maintain its tax-exempt status? In what respect?
  • What are some of the options for MMC in this scenario? Which option do you think MMC should choose? What is the ethical reasoning that leads you to this conclusion?
  • Discuss the ethical obligations of nonprofit hospitals, in general, to benefit the community. Is it acceptable, do you think, for a hospital to do the bare minimum to maintain its tax-exempt status? Explain your reasoning.

Compare nursing practice in the U.S. with how nurses practice in Japan, which would fall under the category of Global Healthcare and Nursing.

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Compare nursing practice in the U.S. with how nurses practice in Japan, which would fall under the category of Global Healthcare and Nursing.

In this written assignment, identify one specific contemporary issue or trend that you are interested in learning more about. Choose from the categories below. For example you might want to learn more about why it is more difficult for some groups to receive care than others, which would fall under Client Access to Care. Or, you might want to compare nursing practice in the U.S. with how nurses practice in Japan, which would fall under the category of Global Healthcare and Nursing. Global Healthcare and Nursing Healthcare Reform U.S. Healthcare Financing Nursing′s Role in the U.S. Healthcare System Integrative Healthcare Nursing Leadership and Management Nursing Education Nursing Practice Nursing Professionalism Advancing Nursing as a Profession Client Access to Care Delivering Client Care Interdisciplinary Teamwork and Collaboration Ethical Practices in Healthcare Quality and Safety in Healthcare Delivery Health/Nursing Informatics Once the issue or trend is identified, find five important/significant facts about it, substantiated by an evidence-based article or reference.

discuss the various psychosocial health impacts of that undermining on individuals and/or communities as a result. When making your statements, make sure you can substantiate them with relevant sources as well.

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discuss the various psychosocial health impacts of that undermining on individuals and/or communities as a result. When making your statements, make sure you can substantiate them with relevant sources as well.

 

Globalisation and sense of place
1500 words
Globalisation is a topic that affects us all in a multitude of ways, sometimes very obviously and in other ways very subtly. What is less understood and conceptualised is how globalisation impacts health through sense of place and place attachment.
In this assignment I want you to firstly read “A Sense of Place in Globalization” by Kwang Kim in the Washington Institute for Faith, Vocation and Culture (https://www.washingtoninst.org/2670/a-sense-of-place-in-globalization/) and then construct a scholarly response to the questions and conversation points raised in his article.
While the article has a strong Christian theme running through it, please do not feel that you must respond in a similar vein. You can choose to keep your essay without any religious connection or you may wish to respond from your own spiritual perspective. Putting the religious perspective aside, Kwang raises pertinent issues on :
(1) “the importance of fidelity to the land, places, and people that live there”,
(2) “building affection and memories as a global citizen: community, food, and surroundings” as well as
(3) “the tension between two kingdoms”.
Clearly, the last issue is from a Christian standpoint and you may wish to discuss that further. However, you may choose to respond to (1) and/or (2) or on other points he has made. Indeed, he has made a critique of John Lennon’s “Imagine” lyrics which have often been seen as aspirational.
Your essay should consist of an introduction where you set the scene as well as outlining how you will address the essay topic and your working definition of sense of place, and health. In the body of the essay you need to go on to show how globalisation impacts our sense of place. In discussing how globalisation impacts our sense of place, and affects our health, you will need to link back to at least one of the statements made by Kwang. So, for example, you could discuss the importance of ‘fidelity to the land’, which could be redefined as having commitment or loyalty to land and thus how globalisation perhaps undermines that commitment. You could then discuss the various psychosocial health impacts of that undermining on individuals and/or communities as a result. When making your statements, make sure you can substantiate them with relevant sources as well.
This must be based on recent academic sources e.g. journal articles, book chapters and government websites published within the last 10 years. Then you should go on to argue how these effects on sense of place might impact on health. I don’t want you to directly link globalisation to health (e.g. improved global surveillance of the spread of disease); your discussion
must involve how health is impacted through influences on sense of place.
Your essay should conclude by summing up your major findings e.g. how globalisation impacts health through sense of place. Because of the overall personal nature of the original posting, your response can be in first person or you may wish to keep it passive and in the third person.
This essay has been designed to not only help you to delve deeper into some of the factual material covered in this unit, but also to give you the chance to apply this material in an evidence-based manner to create an argument. You are unlikely to find papers that have been written that will provide you with all these arguments in one document. You need to construct them yourselves. Research for this essay may require you to look outside the standard health databases and journals that you are used to using e.g. into subject areas like geography, psychology and sociology. You may find the following journals useful.
• Health and Place
• Journal of Environmental Psychology
• Environment and Behavior
• EcoHealth
• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health • Journal of Globalization Studies (online free source)
Formatting requirements:
black font, size 12, Arial or Calibri, margins approx. 2cm, 1.5 line spacing, pages numbered with author’s name on each page. Word count included at end of essay. Headings acceptable but no dot points.
Referencing: Harvard Reference style applied correctly to assignment, including citing and listing references. Direct quotes must be identified as such by quotation marks and page numbers.

Examining The Reliability Of Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool Nursing Essay

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Introduction

This essay will be looking at the malnutrition universal screening tool in relation to validity and reliability. This assessment tool is designed to identify whether adult patients are malnourished, at potential risk of malnutrition (undernutrition) or those that are obese. It also includes management guidelines which can be used to develop a care plan. (BAPEN, 2003)

The authors’ rationale for choosing to discuss this particular tool is to find out more information on the tool itself to enhance their personal development. Also to identify whether there are any weaknesses found in any of the components of the tool which could affect the reliability of the tool as it is used in various clinical settings. She has come across this tool during clinical placements; some of the components of the tool may lack sensitivity and specificity which could result in inaccurate results.

The essay will consist of a brief history of the assessment tool, its development, the client group it is used for and where it is used. This will be followed by brief definitions of validity and reliability. The main focus will be on validity and reliability of the tool itself, whether it accurately measures what it is designed to find and if the information found is a valid set of findings.

Then the author will give their own reflection on when she has used the tool while in a clinical setting, followed by a brief summary of the overall essay. Finally to conclude she will summarise by stating whether she feels that it is an effective assessment tool in relation to the evidence based findings.

History of the Tool

The MUST tool was developed by the Malnutrition Advisory Group (MAG) who are the standing committee of Bapen (British Association of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition). Bapen was formed after the King’s Fund Centre produced the report ‘A Positive Approach to Nutrition as a Treatment’ (King’s Fund, 1992) which was designed for the multidisciplinary team which outlined the importance of nutrition in hospitals. ‘MUST (Appendix 1.1) is a screening tool that has been devised for application to all adult patients across all health care settings. (Elia, 2003)

Malnutrition adversely affects physical and psychological function (Elisa, 2000; Stratton et al. 2003b) and impairs patients’ recovery from disease and injury, thereby increasing morbidity and mortality. According to (Bapen, 2003) it affects 18%-10% of patients attending out patient clinics and GP surgeries and between 20-60% of hospital admissions be medical, surgical, elderly and orthopaedic wards.

In busy clinical settings malnutrition can go unnoticed ‘thousands of patients are starved’ (Florence Nightingale, 1859) therefore this assessment tool has been designed to identify if adult patients are at risk or are malnourished, so appropriate medical interventions can be implemented if required and care plans can be formulated. It is designed to increase recovery and decreases diseases; GP visits and the period patients are in hospital. It is used for adults in healthcare settings such as hospitals, care homes and in the community, also those with eating disorders, mental health problems and critically ill patients.

Validity and Reliability

Validity is an instrument used to get specific results. According to Le Compte and Goetz (1982) validity is concerned with the truthfulness and accuracy of scientific findings. If a tool can measure or count what is required this shows that it is reliable and the information is objective as apposed to subjective which cannot be verified.

Lincoln and Guba (1985) state that ‘Reliability is not prized in its own stake but as a precondition for validity; an unreliable measure cannot be valid’.

There have been various studies on whether the malnutrition universal screening tool is valid or reliable. Studies are carried out to find out whether a tool is deemed valid or reliable and whether it lacks sensitivity or specificity. Sensitivity indicates the accuracy of the tool, i.e. if a patient is at risk however the assessment tool fails to identify the risk it indicates that the tool lacks sensitivity. On the other hand, if a tool lacks specificity it negatively identifies patients at risk.

A study was carried out at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospital NHS Trust which was aimed to design, pilot and evaluate a nutritional screening tool based on four nutritional parameters (weight, height, recent unintentional weight loss and appetite) as recommended by BAPEN (2003) as the minimum requirement for identifying patients at risk of nutritional problems. (Weekes et al, 2004)

A dietician used the screening tool to assess the nutritional status of 100 patients admitted to the general wards. To assess the validity of the tool it was compared to a nutritional assessment carried out by an experienced dietician in 100 patients that were admitted to acute medical and elderly care ward. The next part of the study was carried out by a nurse and the dietician who compared the scores they obtained from the same patient. Clinical data and interpretation can differ from one professional to another therefore all patients were seen by the same dietician.

The reliability of the nutritional screening tool was also assessed by three nurses who independently assessed 33 consecutive patients; the results were not shared, they were blinded to the results of one another. Overall, results obtained identified that no single aspect of the tool is sufficient to identify those at risk; each parameter of the tool contributes vital information required for the final score therefore all three parameters were required to identify all at-risk patients.

In conclusion to the studies carried out the tool was reliable in identifying those at risk of malnutrition and was quick and simple to use. Due to ward routine it was not possible to accurately record the amount of food consumed by the patients at all times, and it was also highlighted that the BMI was incorrectly calculated in11% of the patients and not recorded at all in 20%. This shows that even though some of the information required was not accurate the tool was still reliable and different observers obtained the same results.

‘Any screening tool should be valid, i.e. should measure what it is intended to measure, reproducible, i.e. identify malnourished and at risk patients and reliable, i.e. different observers should obtain the same results on the same patient’ (Weekes at al, 2004)

According to Bapen (British Association for Parental and Enteral Nutrition, 2009) to determine BMI clinical judgements can be given by observing the patient as being ‘thin, acceptable weight, very thin or obese’. Critics would argue that this is subjective information which could lead to inaccurate results and It also does not take into consideration that patients from different ethnical backgrounds may be shorter, bigger or taller which will affect their BMI. According to The MUST Report (BAPEN, 2006a) ‘The tool has face validity, content validity, concurrent validity with a range of other screening tools, and predictive validity’

Unplanned weight loss can be measured against previous weight at initial assessment or a subjective judgement can be made if it is not possible to weigh the patient. Bapen (2003) suggests that this can be made by observation of their physical appearance, if clothes or jewellery have become loose or if there is evidence of poor food intake.

Nutrition is vital for all patients in clinical settings; however it is a huge concern in those that are critically ill. Evidence shows that there are many physiological changes occurring in acute patients, therefore nutrition is very important. ‘Sources of energy are not classed as nutrients but are equally essential for health’ (Benyon, 1998)

Critics have argued that cut-off points for the Body Mass Index have not been amended for elderly patient who may be underweight. Bapen (2003) state that BMI of <20 kg/m2 have been used in health surveys, even for adults over the age of 65 who may appear to be underweight.

The score for acute patients on step 3 of the tool is 2; this is relatively high due to the lack of or no nutritional intake. When patients are critically ill they are usually very limited to physical activity or none at all, therefore energy levels are very low. According to Bapen (2003) the weight loss in acutely ill patients can be up to 10% or more between 3-6 months.

Even though some of the aspects of the malnutrition universal screening tool assessment may result in subjective criteria it is still a valid tool which is used in clinical settings to detect patients at risk. Although some may criticise the Body Mass Index and weight loss score, there is evidence that it is still able to measure what it is intended to.

Mid Ulster Hospital in Northern Ireland piloted the Malnutrition universal screening tool in attempt to detect patients that were at risk of malnutrition at an earlier stage to prevent further health conditions. A care plan was formulated for those who were at risk and relevant training was given to all staff at the hospital, this ensured that the tool was used correctly by all heath care professionals. They assessed 200 patients who were aged 16-98years. They found that the tool gave effective results, more diabetic referrals were made. Prior to using the tool diabetic referrals were made by observing weight loss or if a patient had a Braden risk assessment score of <18.

Mc Williams, B. (2008) Assessing the Benefits of a Malnutrition Screening Tool, Nursing Times; 104: 24, 30-31

Personal experience of using the tool

My personal experience of using the malnutrition universal screening tool was at a clinical placement on a rehab ward with elderly patients. It was evident that the female patient I assessed was malnourished as she had lost some weight in the 7 days I had been on the ward. So I was concerned about her nutritional status and was observing what actions the professionals were taking. She had a low Body Mass Index and had poor appetite; she refused to eat at breakfast or lunch times. I was aware of how to use the tool and the patient was aware of what the tool was assessing. She was at high risk so I informed the medical staff in charge; she made a referral to the dietician. She was also at high risk of developing pressure ulcers so an air mattress and cushion was arranged for her. The patient was monitored on a weekly basis and was prescribed supplement drinks which would provide protein and nutrients. I felt that nutritional intake is not encouraged enough and personal preferences need to be addressed more effectively. However, if a patient refuses to eat or drink when prompted their decision needs to be respected (NMC Code, 2008)

Conclusion

Malnutrition is an ongoing problem and can be detected early if assessments are carried out on a regular basis and effectively. ‘Setting clear goals, identifying who is doing what, why and when is essential and having a clear plan of action is crucial’ (RCN, 2008)

When using the malnutrition universal screening tool to assess nutritional status the body mass index is valid as there is a recognised normal range between body weight and height. However it is not the best evidence which can contribute towards the assessment of nutritional status but it does help with the overall scoring, when considered alongside the other parameters of the screening tool.

This tool is easy to quick and easy to use even though critics argue that it may lack sensitivity. According to evidence based findings and reviews it is widely used in most clinical setting and if used alongside other tools and formulated care plans risk of malnutrition can be detected earlier.

Nutrition and the Healthy Ageing Process

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With the European region having a huge aging population, the continent experiences a huge life expectancy among its people. As time passes, many countries in Europe experience huge populations of older people. The long life expectancy has a negative effect on most individuals since they suffer from disability and ill-health towards the last fifteen to twenty years of their lives. Through the European Commission, the continent enjoys a program that looks into their health by adding at least two healthy years of their lives in the next five years. The program also looks at the relation of social, economic and behavioral factors to diet. Undernutrition among older individuals causes short life expectancy due to the aspect of micronutrient deficiency and malnutrition. The supplements used by older people may fail to have a definite and effective impact towards their negative mental and physical health status. The older people should have a specific diet that complements their physical and cognitive health status. They should maximize their intake of the minerals and vitamins that come from natural foods. The report has a central aim of ensuring that it describes the contribution of healthy nutrition and diet towards boosting life expectancy. The report comes up with a summary of the treatment of diseases that arise from age-related illness through micronutrient supplementations. The evidence in the report does not provide certainty on the role of mineral supplementation towards treating cognitive and physical impairments among the aging individuals. The report highlights various gaps concerning the relationship between diets and aging (Tsz & Sandra, 2014). It looks at the most effective strategies that promote health messages to the elderly. It provides evidence that describes an approach to aging life-course. It gives ways through which the European Commission may use its program to enhance partnership that enhances the quality provision of the healthy diet to the older people. Poverty and inequity act as the main cause of malnutrition. Political actions act as the only strategies that cause social and political action through nutrition programs. Safety and adequate access to nutrition prevent individuals from contracting the chronic illness. Nutritional deficiency leads to the increase of infectious illnesses in the childhood and adult stage. A complementarity status occurs in terms of public approaches and policy priorities. The complementarity creates a relationship between programs and policies that have a focus to eradicate the chronic diseases and prevent diet and nutrition-related illnesses. Major integrated diseases and policies play an important role in lifting the disease illness. Countries budget for the health programs so that their citizens have access to better medical status and to prevent infection and deficiency.

All the countries develop a policy that enables them to combat deficiency and infectious status of their people. The countries that have high developing rates focus on coming up with programs that focus on eradicating chronic illnesses. They also use the programs to enable them to draw nutritional policy that remove deficiency from the foodstuffs consumed by the citizens. The third world countries fail to have adequate access to food due to social, economic and political challenges that they face on a daily basis. The countries also suffer from high level of illiteracy that enables them to have poor development and planning in all the sectors that have a relation to their economies. Such countries find it hard to come up with food policies that sustain the people for a long period.

Mediterranean

diet and health status Experts have confirmed that the Mediterranean diets have advantages when it comes to influencing life expectancy. The diet enables individuals to live long and healthy lives with the little aging illness. The analysis from the experts generates data concerning the topic of study through two meta-analyses conducted in 2008 and 2010 respectively. The analysis used several health causes to describe the role played by the Mediterranean diet towards morbidity and mortality. Further studies on the topic of study occur through a clear and concise literature review of published past meta-analysis. It gives a clear adherence to the past role played by Mediterranean diet through a quality diet indices. Wide longitudinal studies have come up with the usefulness of the measures created by Mediterranean diet. It relates the usefulness of the diet to health outcomes of the diet (Francesco, Claudio, Rosanna, Gian, & Alessandro, 2013). A good relationship exists between scores and mortality rates in many populations in the Mediterranean region. Nevertheless, the clinical implementation of the scores may not be generated due to the varying dietary behaviors that result from inadequate consumption of healthy and quantified food groups. The article review states that few studies have occurred on the Mediterranean diet to the health outcomes. They aim at the proposal of a definite score used both as an epidemiological tool and personal level. The aim of the review article focuses on study analysis on investigating scores that adhere to the health status and Mediterranean diet. The paper uses many studies that have taken place in the past. It uses the status of the Mediterranean diet in terms of their combination of different nutrients to form healthy outcome to individuals. The Mediterranean diet has a wide range of food products that have the high percentage of Vitamins and proteins. Most of the individuals that come from the Mediterranean region have a good mental and physical stature due to the type of foods they consume daily. Many of the studies have come up with an investigation of the many years that the Mediterranean foods have played towards understanding the status of the Mediterranean people’s health. The investigation develops a summary of the cut-offs to the diet. The major diet includes legumes with a consumption average of 36g/d. The average covers all the studies made on the topic of study. The Mediterranean has a difference from one state to another in terms of their preparation and consumption. The countries in the desert and those in the highlands have different types of foods that has a fundamental role in their culture. The investigation offers a large variability in terms of the analysis of the subjects.

The size of the study sample provides a wide contribution to the robust nature of the results in the analyzed previous data. The study came up with a calculation of the weighted medians and the double SD for the food groups. Rounding of the results provides a fundamental meaning for the estimates. The study uses research methods like the SPSS to analyze the individual and the organizational studies. The studies use a confidential interval of two-sided p-values that use random-effects model based on variance method. The study looks at the history of the people and the relationship they have developed towards their food products. It also looks at the diet distribution among the people depending on their age and classes.

Diet

in

relation

Chronic Diseases Prevention

Through a meeting held by World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization in Geneva on 28th January to 1st February 2002, a work study occurred on nutrition and noncommunicable diseases in diet groups. The meeting resulted from a recommendation made by chronic illness and the reduction impact thirteen years. The meeting came up with the conclusion that the chronic illnesses resulted from the aspect of poor dietary measures. The occurrences of the chronic illness affect both the developing and developed countries. People have poor lifestyles that influence their life expectancy in a negative manner. The meeting made sure that it followed scientific approaches that came up with a sigh of progress to the different areas of chronic illness (World Health Organization, 2003). The meeting came up with a consultation that enabled the two organizations to come up with scientific confirmation that would enable them to update recommendations. The recommendations would influence the governments and international agencies to develop policies and strategies to improve the health status of their specific health status. They would use diet as a key strategy to improve life expectancy. The report comes up with an articulation of a new platform that looks at the human being as an organism with a complex relationship to the environment. The Human being requires good diet to eradicate chronic illness through the causative mechanism. The report looks at the diet in the context of macroeconomic impacts on public health through agriculture and international supply of fresh and processed foodstuffs. The diet plays a role in influencing the nature of genetic composition and structure. Diet enables individuals to have healthy mental and physical functioning. Diet also influences distress among individuals. People who have access to healthy food products have stable mental status. Consumption of vegetables and fruits have a fundamental role in the provision of nutrients in a diversified manner. Many parts of the world have a low frequency of consuming fruits and vegetation. According to different surveys made by the two organizations, only a few individuals have access to healthy fruits and vegetables. The consumption occurs in a capacity of 120-140 g on a daily basis. Most of the individuals that consume healthy diet have a habit of consuming roots and tubers. India and China have a wide variety of foodstuffs. They eat all types of foods that the west and other parts of the world fear. With the rapid economic growth of the two countries, the citizens have access to many types of foods. The chronic illness has increased with time, and it has become a global health phenomenon. Chronic health leads to approximately 79% of deaths in developing countries.

Most of the individuals that suffer from the chronic illness include middle-aged men. The illness begins at the fetal stage and continues into old age. It occurs differently depending on the nature of the environment that have associations to the health of individuals. The life-course approach focuses on eradicating fatal risks and offers many opportunities for the health consultation. The illness occurs in stages that include maternal environment, childhood stage, adulthood and older stage. The chronic illness may develop at an early stage when individuals fail to undergo the proper check. The people should ensure that they check their health from time to time so as to note their status. They should also note the type of food they consume on a daily basis.


Reference

Francesco , S., Claudio, M., Rosanna , A., Gian , G. F., & Alessandro, C. (2013). Mediterranean diet and health status: an updated meta-analysis and a proposal for a literature-based adherence score.

Public Health Nutrition

, 1-14. Retrieved from

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&eloading=”lazy” src=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CB8QFjAA&url=https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/foodandnutritionguidelines-adults.pdf&ei=ZoNwVf6TEYbkUYH9goAD&usg=AFQjCNG3JS_21

Tsz , M. N., & Sandra , C. (2014). The Role of Nutrition in Active and Healthy Ageing.

JRC Science and Policy Reports

, 1-58. Retrieved from

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&eloading=”lazy” src=s&source=web&cd=8&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CEkQFjAH&url=https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/default/files/lbna26666enn.pdf&ei=ZoNwVf6TEYbkUYH9goAD&usg=AFQjCNGHvCKc_2NM0qoFWHkhMZO8zNAM4g&sig2=fPPJH8Ha0NzP

World Health Organization. (2003). Diet Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Disease.

WHO Technical Report Series

, 1-160. Retrieved from

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&eloading=”lazy” src=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCUQFjAB&url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/who_trs_916.pdf&ei=ZoNwVf6TEYbkUYH9goAD&usg=AFQjCNFSaMqaYIRi_xZ_r3LpoVzw1JzdXw&sig2=GIYeT_np1cqtRUHhdhwyWA&bvm=bv.950397

Disease Prevention to Health Promotion

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Ottawa Charter and Jakarta Declaration

Disease prevention focuses on particular efforts intended at decreasing the growth and severity of chronic diseases and other illnesses. As an important part of health growth, health promotion allows people to have control over and make choices to improve their health (Rural Health Information Hub, 2002). There was a public health movement in the year 1986. The Ottawa Charter was response to this public health movement it was the first international conference held that focused on health promotion in developed countries. The Ottawa Charter was the framework of health promotion (World Health Organization, 1986). The Jakarta Declaration is the first international conference for health promotion that was held in a developing country. The Jakarta Declaration was held to develop policies in order to address the tasks of promoting health in the 21

st

century. This declaration also provided evidence to support the health promotion was effective. Studies have been done around the world that suggest health promotion strategies can change lifestyles and can have a major influence on social, economic, and environmental circumstances that control health (World Health Organization, 1997).

Health is vital for community and economic growth. There were five strategies in the Ottawa Charter that are vital for success. These five strategies include:

  • Producing a understanding, healthy environments
  • Build up public action
  • Construct a strong community course of action
  • Personal skills need to be established
  • Adjust health services (World Health Organization, 1986)

After the Fourth International Conference, the Jakarta Declaration found clear data that the following are main components for health promotion and are relevant worldwide:

  • Health improvement is most effective when approached at a wide-range. The five strategies mentioned above are most effective when combining them.
  • Application of the strategies offer useful opportunities.
  • In order to endure efforts, participation is vital. Communities have to be at the core of health promotion and be active in the decision making process in order for the strategies to be effective
  • Involvement promotes health knowledge. Having the access to vital information is important in accomplishing active contribution and empowerment of individuals and communities (World Health Organization, 1997).


Determinants of Health

What influences how healthy and person is or how unhealthy a person is? This would be the determinants of health. These determinates are categorized under multiple comprehensive areas. These areas include policymaking, social elements, health services, personal behavior, and biology and genetics. The relationships between these influences is what determines a person or communities’ health (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014).


Policymaking

Any polices that affect a person or communities’ health are made at local, state, and federal levels. Some policies may only effect a small community while some effect entire populations or at federal level (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). An example of a policy effecting a nationwide population is the law just past that persons under the age of 21 can no longer purchase tobacco products. This will reduce the number of the younger population from being able to buy and use tobacco products. Hopefully this will reduce the use in tobacco product in general since the individuals cannot purchase at such a young age.


Social Elements

Social and physical conditions of an environment have an influence on health. These are the social determinants of health. This includes, where and individual may live, work, what school they go to or what age they are (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). An example of a social determinate is safety of the environment of which school and individual attends. This could determine the health or even the outcome of the student’s life. If the student goes to school in and unsafe community it may have an effect health such as stress or depression. If the student grows up in an environment of gang activity, the student may be more likely to join a gang in order to feel safe or protected in that environment. An example of a physical determinate would be air pollution in the environment lived in. This could increase the risk of individuals to have health issues.


Health Services

Having access the health services and good health services has and impact on health. Limited access to health services may mean an individual may have to go without treatment (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). An example would be not having quality health insurance. If an individual has health insurance with a very high deductible, this may influence them not to get care if they need it due to being unable to pay the deductible. Or if the individual’s insurance company will not pay for certain treatments, it may mean they will not get quality care needed.


Person Behavior

The behavior of an individual can have a great effect on one’s health. Health care facilities and promotion works towards influencing individual and population behavior in order to reduce the risk of health problems (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). An example of a behavioral determinant is tobacco use. If an individual uses tobacco on a daily basis, this increased their risk for health problems.


Biology and Genetics

Specific populations have factors that influence their health just by their genetics and biology makeup. There is no way to change these factors or prevent them from affecting one’s health (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). An example would be, certain heart diseases such as a bicuspid aortic valve is inherited. An individual is born with this disease.

Healthy People 2020 have developing strategies to address the determinants of health. To assess needed and existing policies for the impact on health, Health People 2020 use Health Impact Assessments. They have applied a “health in all policies: strategy that introduces health developments for all health gaps as objectives to be public in all parts of the government. Healthy People 2020’s goals are to get rid of preventable illnesses and disparities. They want to improve health in all areas and create healthy social and physical environments. They also want to promote healthy growth and actions in all areas of life (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010).

References

  • Rural Health Information Hub. (2002).

    Defining Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

    . Retrieved from Rural Health Information Hub: https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/toolkits/health-promotion/1/definition
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2010, July 26).

    Secretary’s Advisory Committee on National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives for 2020

    . Retrieved from Healthy People 2020: An Opportunity to Address Societal Determinants of Health in the United States: https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants-of-health
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014).

    Determinants of Health

    . Retrieved from Healthy People 2020: https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/foundation-health-measures/Determinants-of-Health
  • World Health Organization. (1986).

    The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

    . Retrieved from World Health Organization[WHO]: https://tlc.trident.edu/d2l/le/content/127823/viewContent/3146267/View
  • World Health Organization. (1997).

    The Jakarta Declaration on Leading Health Promotion into the 21st Century

    . Retrieved from World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/jakarta/declaration/en/

How will the nursing team evaluate the effectiveness of the leadership team in assessing

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How will the nursing team evaluate the effectiveness of the leadership team in assessing

CONTIGENCY PLANNING

Gillian Scott is an experienced nurse on a medical/surgical floor at a community hospital. She arrives at 6:45 PM for her 12-hour night shift concerned about the impending blizzard that is forecasted to bring 2-3 feet of snow and damaging winds during the next 12-18 hours. At 9:00 PM several nurses begin to ask Gillian if she is going to contact the nursing supervisor to seek strategies to ameliorate probable staffing shortages in the morning in order to secure safe patient care.Answer the following Questions: When is the optimal time to secure a contingency plan to address potential issues with safe patient care due to the storm? What are the potential challenges? Who should be involved in the development of the plan?

When should the contingency plan be implemented? How will leaders evaluate the effectiveness of the plan? How will the nursing team evaluate the effectiveness of the leadership team in assessing, planning, implementing, and evaluating a plan to provide patient care during the emergency?; Gillian Scott is an experienced nurse on a medical/surgical floor at a community hospital. She arrives at 6:45 PM for her 12-hour night shift concerned about the impending blizzard that is forecasted to bring 2-3 feet of snow and damaging winds during the next 12-18 hours. At 9:00 PM several nurses begin to ask Gillian if she is going to contact the nursing supervisor to seek strategies to ameliorate probable staffing shortages in the morning in order to secure safe patient care.Answer the following Questions:

When is the optimal time to secure a contingency plan to address potential issues with safe patient care due to the storm? What are the potential challenges? Who should be involved in the development of the plan? When should the contingency plan be implemented? How will leaders evaluate the effectiveness of the plan? How will the nursing team evaluate the effectiveness of the leadership team in assessing, planning, implementing, and evaluating a plan to provide patient care during the emergency?

Identify the topic that you have selected for your Senior Project and provide a brief explanation for why you have chosen to address this topic *This may be copied from the Week Two assignment if evaluated as Distinguished Performance. Otherwise, make adjustments per Week Two feedback.

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Identify the topic that you have selected for your Senior Project and provide a brief explanation for why you have chosen to address this topic *This may be copied from the Week Two assignment if evaluated as Distinguished Performance. Otherwise, make adjustments per Week Two feedback.

 

As an administrator, address the challenges of employee recruitment and retention of health care professionals. Additional subtopics may include trends in the nursing workforce, shortage of primary care physicians, staff turnover, retention, and staffing patterns.

Complete a two to three page (excluding title and reference pages) report on the progress you have made to date on your Senior Project. You must use a minimum of three scholarly sources. Your report, and any citations used, must be in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Your progress report should cover the following:

Topic: Identify the topic that you have selected for your Senior Project and provide a brief explanation for why you have chosen to address this topic *This may be copied from the Week Two assignment if evaluated as Distinguished Performance. Otherwise, make adjustments per Week Two feedback.
Organization Specific Rationale: Provide a brief overview of the health care organization that you have selected for your Senior Project including a summary of the challenges and/or opportunities impacting the balance between health care costs, quality, and access to services that the organization is currently facing. The challenges and/or opportunities should directly relate to your rationale for why you have chosen your topic (i.e., training program) to help the organizational leaders manage this challenge/opportunity. Challenges and/or opportunities should be grounded in the research (e.g., web-based resources, electronic articles, or personal interviews). The more informed you are, the better prepared you will be to complete your Senior Project.
Training: Identify the audience for your training program and provide a brief outline of the topics it will address. Include a minimum of three to five learning outcomes that are targeted for your identified audience. Specifically, what do you want your audience to know and/or be able to do after they have completed training? How does this training program align with the overall challenges and/or opportunities that the organization is facing? Overall, how will the training program benefit the organization?

discuss what led you to believe your hypothesis would be correct and why it was not. If your hypothesis turns out to be supported by your research findings, that’s fine, too.

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discuss what led you to believe your hypothesis would be correct and why it was not. If your hypothesis turns out to be supported by your research findings, that’s fine, too.

 

I am putting the instructions here and uploading my few surveys that I did. My subject is: Electronic records vs. Paper records. I am uploading a couple examples of a paper someone did and the format it needs to be as.
Connection to Student Learning Outcomes: This assignment allows you to demonstrate an ability to conduct research following formal academic formats. It also affords you another opportunity to use writing strategies appropriate for identified audiences. In this assignment, you will have to analyze information and ideas, applying them while creating the Scientific Report by incorporating research findings and discussion the meaning of your findings. You will synthesize information using the IMRAD approach. Your sources of information will be primary.
The Scientific Report’s Purpose: The Scientific Report is an assignment requiring you to make connections between your research findings and your initial hypothesis. The Scientific Report is a paper following the IMRAD format, a common format used in most sciences to report one’s findings on some research question. Read the links to find out more, and once you have chosen a research question that can be answered through primary research, let me know before beginning by sending me your research question and your hypothesis by e-mail. This is an assignment you CANNOT wait until the last minute to begin, as it is a series of efforts that cannot be completed in one or two days. If you have specific questions about this assignment, send me an e-mail.
Your hypothesis can be supported or negated. It doesn’t matter. If you find your hypothesis is negated by your research findings, that’s fine! You should discuss what led you to believe your hypothesis would be correct and why it was not. If your hypothesis turns out to be supported by your research findings, that’s fine, too. Discussion of findings is extremely important in this assignment, so do not neglect it.
You do not have to include an Abstract.
Scientific Report-example.docx student-example.docx SURVEY-Fast food.docx SURVEY-Home health.docx SURVEY-Mental Health.docx SURVEY-Nursing home.docx
You must write complete sentences in Standard written English. Spelling, punctuation, and grammatical errors will cause you to lose points.
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