General perspectives on behavior of human being each of which stresses various factors.

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General perspectives on behavior of human being each of which stresses various factors.

 

 

 

Five General Perspectives on Human Behavior

Abstract

Origin, development and maintenance of human relation are determined by human experience. This experience engages five general perspectives on behavior of human being each of which stresses various factors. Thee factors are learning, biological, social and cultural, psychodynamic and cognitive perspective. This research paper explains how the beginning, development and maintenance of a firm marital relationship can be explained in connection to each of these perspectives.

Introduction

Happy marriage relationships are perhaps the happiest feelings and but also complicated part of relationships known to man. The manifestation of the love shared by romantic couples can be easily viewed by the naked eye. It makes us look immature with envy when we see romantic people sharing their love to each other. During the formative years of the relationship, the feeling of jubilation is ever present. Love is considered be biological for there is the innate need to be close to somebody, to share our feelings and see them reciprocated, to be touched, to be cared for, and to be loved in return. But it should be noted that it takes sometimes for humans being attain love. First, there’s the holding, kissing, stroking, and nursing of the infant (Alberoni, 1983). As human beings, our behaviors are greatly influenced by at least five general perspectives these are biological, learning, social and cultural, cognitive, and psychodynamic influences.

Many marital relationship can be said to have biological perspective, it can be explained that human beings are actually made up of genes whose reproduction is the main objective. According to (Laland and Brown, 2002), husbands need to be sexually connected to their wives to enable them to produce their heirs. Certainly, the biological aspect appears to be unromantic. It is self explanatory that to produce offspring humans must practice the sexual act. Couples must perform the act to have their children. On the other hand we must view the romantic love as to contain sexual fulfillment. In biblical context God ruled to his people to `go forth and multiply. If sex lacks between a husband and a wife their relationships resembles any other relation an individual can make with other persons. In normal cases, men like women who posses the attributes which reflect health and fertility, Women on the other hand, like men who have characteristics which reflect status and health. Apparently the first priority of both men and women qualities are non-biological. According to (Laland and Brown, 2002), in a study conducted by psychologist David Buss among over10000 people in 37 cultures, it was discovered that the first priority qualities for both men and woman which they look for in mate is intelligence and kindness. However, even these qualities make genetic sense: kindness, and health which indicate the social and psychological qualities which are important for human beings to triumphantly nurture their offspring.

Culture and social

The study carried out indicates that marriage love virtually exist in all cultures ever studied. It has been noticed that in some societies marriages are arranged either parents or village elders; however it is in rarer cases that the couples are forced to marry. The couple or the young people have to accept and give consent of acceptance to marriage relationship. The involvement of young people in their marriage arrangement is crucial because marriage has economic and /or political reasons, such as a alliance of two authoritative families. Marital love or in the words romantic love is being despised in authoritarian or caste-conscious societies, this is because love is democratic and thus interferes with power plays (Alberoni, 1983). Women desires are to get husbands and lovers. If their intention is different then they can go for other men such as military or work mate. It should be noticed that social and cultural practices are crucial in determination or modeling of husbands and wives of the society. Married women will be obliged in some communities to follow the cultural activities of the husbands community of which she has become a member of. Failure to follow the rules social and cultural ethics of the community can lead to breakage of family relation ship. Community cultures raise a person’s sense of worth as well as his or her incentive to enter into relationships. Cultures that are considered to be most likely to promote long and stable love relationships are those that encourage increased gusto in people and their aptitude to take action.

The basic assumption of learning perspectives is that several determinants of human behavior are mainly found on the external environment. When those environmental events which relate to individual behavior, are well analyzed it is easy to predict the subsequent behavior of a person. In relationship when couples are knowledgeable it is expected that they will use the skills they have learnt in their live to predict the likely behavior of the other partner. The moment the relationship has started then the individuals acquire different environment, several problem arise in this new environment which can break a relationship. Therapist will advise the couple based on this new environment and may be able to come up with treatment based on the environmental factors that cause the changes of behavior of individuals. Therefore through the knowledge of individual environmental effect on personal behavior a marriage relationship can be strongly developed and maintained (Jacobson & Margolin, 1979). The understanding of individual behavior is one of the subjects studied by scientists in what is called behavioral science. A couple would therefore require to understand the behavior prediction for happy live in future relationship. Marriage love is also part of the learning perspective of human behavior. We should realize that realize that love is a difficult thing, which is involves serious emotions that must be nurtured over time the couple need to understand one anther for some time to enable them leave comfortably. The husband has to learn what the wife likes and what she hates while the wife has to learn what makes the husband happy in order to get a reciprocating love that she desires.

The psychodynamic perspective of marriage holds that long-lasting and stable relationships form and are maintained when people are comparatively free of neuroses and have good personality or self-functioning. Alternatively, it is the same factors that make the mental to function in a health manner that make two marriage partners to operate in a marriage in a marriage in an approach that expresses love and defends its stability. Psychodynamic is concerned with psychological forces that affect human behavior with an emphasis on interaction between mindful and unconscious motivation. In a marital marriage the concept of psychodynamics will involve energizing of an individual brain through a process commonly known as libido. The complex energy gained by the brain controls the inner conflict of a person which is expressed through certain behaviors or emotions. They are these emotional motives, forces and human needs that lead someone to look for a mating friend (Klimek, 1979). With the same attraction forces married people are able to remain together and separation becomes almost impossible. The forces affect even the mental consciousness and leads to exchange of psychic energy between lovers that enable them share their love generously. Without these forces love can never get the interest of remaining together in their lives.

In cognitive perspective the spouses view each other as a source of their marriage problems (Cover, 1990). After some time in marriage life the partners’ see each other as resistive to change to positive life and assume partners to have constant behavior. During courtship the couples only focused on positive part of their partners, however this changes with sometime and they start seeing only the negative part of their partners. According to (Cover, 1990), the cognitive perspective on loving relationships and stable marriages is associated with whether people think in a manner that is adaptive to the concerns, goals, conflicts and cares of a stable and long-lasting relationship, or whether they have dysfunctional relationship beliefs and thought processes and colleagues.

Cognitive focuses on various issues in marital relationship, which plays major role in maintenance and development of marital dysfunction. These issues include consideration of perceptions; which is considerate of what event occurred, attribution; looking why the event occurred, expectancies; which predicts what is likely to occur, assumptions; focusing on the nature of the universe and event correlation , and believes on what should be (Cover, 1990). It should be noted that the list contain vital information regarding how an individual can interact with other people through understanding their own environment and making appropriate decision. It only through such understanding that married couples can start, develop and maintain their marital love.

Conclusion

The five general perspective of human behavior can be viewed to have contradicting role in developing and maintaining of love relationship. An individual should keenly evaluate what each perspective in the behavior has to do in our action.

References

Alberoni, F. (1983). Falling in love. New York: Random House.

Cover, F. (1990). Cognitive-behavioral marital therapy. Levittown,PA: Psychology Press .

Jacobson, N. s., & Margolin, G. (1979). Marital therapy: strategies based on social learning and behavior exchange principles (2nd ed.). New York: Psychology Press.

Klimek, D. ( 1979). Beneath Mate Selection and marriage. : New York u.a.

Laland, K. N., & Brown, G. R. (2002). Sense and nonsense: evolutionary perspectives on human behaviour. Oxford,UK: Oxford University Press.

Impacts of Heart Failure on the Body

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  1. Clearly Define Heart Failure.

Heart failure occurs when either side of the heart cannot keep up with the flow of blood.

It can involve left or right side of the heart or both.

It is a combination of decreased cardiac output accompanied by impaired function of the failing heart and the compensatory mechanisms that preserve the cardiac reserve.

Usually the left is involved first


  1. What organs and which body systems are affected by the disorder?

Cardiovascular system – The Heart –

The respiratory System – The lungs, shortness of breath, chronic, non productive cough.

Digestive system – Liver – becomes enlarged, unable to filter toxins and produce needed proteins. , stomach; impaired gastrointestinal function due to poor blood supply and malnutrition, accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity.

Urinary System – Kidneys – fluid volume, oedema, impaired rennin,-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, nocturia(early in process) and oliguria(late sign)

Integumentary system – Skin and nail bed cyanosis. Pale and sweaty skin

Nervous system – Brain – confusion( due to lack of oxygen to brain), sympathetic nervous system activation, anxiety, restlessness, insomnia

Endochrine System – Pituatory gland – (anti diuretic hormone), and adrenal glands – (aldestorone) – associated with water and sodium retention

Lymphatic system – lymphoedema caused by oedema of chronic heart failure

Muscular System – muscle fatigue, impaired exercise tolerance due to poor oxygen supply to muscles.

(Porth & Matfin, 2009)


Give a brief overview of the normal function of the body systems affected by this disorder


Cardiovascular/Circulatory system

Comprised of heart, blood vessels and blood which work together to provide necessary nutrients to the body, removes excretory products from the body, protects the body from infection and maintains body heat.

(Human anatomy, 2010)


The Respiratory System

The respiratory system, comprised of lungs, passages and muscles which are responsible for exchange of gases within the body and also from outside of the body. Oxygen is breathed into the body and transported to all of the parts and then carbon dioxide is breathed out.

(Human Anatomy, 2010)


The Nervous system

The nervous system is the control centre of the body. It controls and regulates the functions of the body. The system is made of of voluntary and involuntary functions. The nervous system, comprised of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and neurons manages the body systems to work together and also for the organs to work together to create a finely tuned human body.

(Human Anatomy, 2010)


The Urinary System

:

The urinary system filters and removes waste from the body and also maintains the right balance of salt and electrolytes in the body.

The urinary system is very important in controlling homeostasis in the body. It can control the volume of blood in the body to control blood pressure.

‘The kidneys produce and interact with several hormones that are involved in the control of systems outside of the urinary system’ (Taylor, 2013)


Digestive system

The digestive system is responsible for the process by which food and drink are broken down into their smallest parts so the body can use them to build and nourish cells and to provide energy.


Integumentary System

‘Skin forms the body’s outer covering and forms a barrier to protect the body from chemicals, disease, UV light, and physical damage. Hair and nailsextend from the skin to reinforce the skin and protect it from environmental damage. Theexocrine glands of the integumentary system produce sweat, oil, and wax to cool, protect, and moisturize the skin’s surface’ (Taylor, 2013)


Endocrine System

The endocrine system is made up of the glands of the body and the hormones produced by these glands. The hormones are used to regulate the body to maintain homeostasis.


Lymphatic System

the lymphatic system carries interstitial fluid from cells and tissues back to the heart, Elements of the lymphatic system find and get rid of foreign bodies and invaders in the body.


Muscular system

This is responsible for the movement of and within the body. Comprised of three types of muscle; Visceral muscles – found inside the organs of the body(involuntary); cardiac muscle – found in the heart; skeletal muscle – attached to the skeleton and are the voluntary muscles.


Define the signs and symptoms of heart failure and explain why these signs and symptoms occur.

Fatigue /Weakness – Often experienced as heaviness of limbs and can be due to poor tissue perfusion of skeletal muscles due to poor cardiac output. (Medscape, 2014)

Cardiac fatigue is different from normal fatigue as often progresses through the day and is not present in the morning. Due to reduced cardiac output throught the day and lack of oxygen.

Confusion/memory impairment/anxiety/restlessness/insomnia. Due to impaired cardiac output throughout the day the brain may not receive enough oxygen and lead to these symptoms.

Nocturia – (early stage heart failure)Caused by increased blood return to the heart when person is lying down which causes increased cardiac output, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration.

Oliguria – (Late stage heart failure) – caused by decreased cardiac output and resultant renal failure.

Orthopnea – Due to decreased pooling of blood in lower extremeties and also due to ascites, too much blood rushes back to the heart and it cannot cope with it through several processes the result is increased airway resistance leading to dyspnoea.

(Medscape, 2014)

Paroxysmal Nocturnal dyspnoea – This is a sensation of shortness of breath that awakens the patient, possibly due to increased airway resistance (See Orthopnea

)

(Mukerji., 1990)

Abdominal Distention – Due to Ascites

Abnormal Heart beat – Atrial and Ventricular arrhythmias – Irregular pulse – Due to disturbance in contractions of the heart

Nausea – Due to gastrointestinal problems with the digestive system not receiving enough blood and with the digestive system and liver becoming congested.

Increase in blood pressure – Because the heart is not able to pump the blood around the body as effectively and an increase in fluid build up in the body the blood pressure increases.

Shortness of breath/gasping for air –Due to acute pulmonary oedema where capillary fluid has moved into the alveoli.

Chest Pain/Pressure – Can be due to either primary or secondary myocardial ischemia

Cyanosis – due to acute pulmonary oedmea – lack of oxygen throughout the body due to poor gas exchange.

Palpitations – ‘It can be secondary to sinus tachycardia due to decompensated heart failure, or more commonly, it is due to atrial or ventricular tachyarrhythmias.’ (Medscape, 2014)

Weight gain – rapid weight gain is often observed in patients with heart failure due to fluid retention.

Crackles in lungs – Can be Due to acute pulmonary oedema where capillary fluid has moved into the alveoli.

Chronic Dry, non productive cough which becomes worse when patient is lying down – Congestion of the bronchial mucosa may causes bronchospasm which may cause wheezing and difficulty in breathing. Condition is sometimes called cardiac asthma.


List the information taken on his admission that demonstrates these signs and symptoms.

Sa02 – 87% on room air – this is too low and sign of poor oxygen saturation.

B/P 90/40 – This is low, but may be due to his Lasix medication.

Pulse – High – indication his heart may be working too hard or may be due to anxiety of admission and needs to be kept monitored

Resps : very high – could be indication of potential cardiac arrest.

Low Temperature : 35.8C can be associated with heart failure and worsening conditions (Medscape, 2013)

(Cretikos, et al., 2008)


To be noted : the above vital signs could also be indicative of asthma attack

(Patient.co.uk, 2012)

Circulation : He is hypertensive which, he has CCF and PVD

Skin Integrity : Ulcer Lower leg, this could be a symptom of poor nutrition and circulation, which is a symptom of diabetes which is a risk factor of Heart failure.

Nutrition : Diabetes and loss of appetite. Diabetes is key risk factor of CCF and loss of appetite is indicative of GI problems associated with heart failure

Elimination : Constipated : This could be a sign of the digestive system not working properly due to lack of blood supply

Mental State : Confusion could be a sign of lack of oxygen reaching the brain.

Emotional Status : Anxiety of his condition could exascerbate his other feelings of anxiety


Do you think the diabetes is related to the leg ulcer and amputated left toe? explain.

Yes. The most common cause of chronic leg ulcers is poor circulation. Diabetics may have poor circulation due to the increased glucose in the blood and hardening of the blood vessels. This poor blood supply may lead to neuropathy and the nerve damage affects the condition of the skin.

A non healing ulcer that causes severe damage to tissue and bone may need amputation.

Mr Wrights amputated left toe may have been due to a non healing ulcer.

(Mcnair, 2014)

(American Diabetes Association, 2014)


One of the medications he is taking is Lasix. What does Lasix do? Which body systems are affected by it? Explain why Mr Wright is ordered Lasix

Lasix is a diueretic and is used to treat fluid retention in people with heart failure.

Lasix is stops the body absorbing too much salt and rids the body of excess fluid and this can help the heart to pump more easily and can help regulate the blood pressure.

Body Systems affected by Lasix are Cardiovascular system and Urinary system.


List three conditions in Mr Wright’s relevant medical history that are commonly associated with ageing

Arthritis

Glaucoma

Type 2 Diabetes


What factors may impact on Mr Wright’s safety in hospital and when he returns home.


Hospital:

Confusion : Wandering with poor mobility

(Patient.co.uk, 2011)

Mobility: Falls risk

MRSA


Home:

Falls Risk

Confusion

Diabetes Management

Asthma Management

Allergies(Confusion)

Medications (Confusion)


What other Health professionals will be involved in his care and what services can they provide for Mr Wright.

Cardiologist : Management/ treatments for his CCF

Rheumatologist : Care for his Arthritis

Opthamologist : Care for his Glaucoma

Diabetes Educator : Education and support for his Diabetes

Dietician : Help with his diet in relation to his diabetes

Podiatrist : Care for his feet, re. diabetes

Physiotherapist : Help with mobility

Nurse (RDNS): Help with care in the community

GP : Treatment, consultations and advice in the community

Respiratory Specialist : Consultations, and treatment re, respiratory issues.

Phlebotomist : Re. regular blood monitoring

Counsellor : Re. Mental health

Social Worker : Re. possible support in the community i.e. meals on wheels, community involvement


List the nursing documentation you would expect to be used in the care of Mr Wright:

Admission Form

Pain Observation Chart

Fluid Balance Chart

Medication Chart

Neurovascular Chart

Neurological Chart

Care Plan

Allergies Alert Record Form

Related content


References:

Effects of Physical Inactivity on State Diabetes Rates

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Introduction

Diabetes is an issue that continues to grow and plague the United States. According to the American Diabetes Association, diabetes was the seventh leading cause of death in 2015 (ADA 2015). The number of people who have received a diabetes diagnoses increased from 1.6 million in 1958 to 12.1 million in 2000 and further increased to 30.3 million in 2015 (Engelgau 2004). The CDC (2017) estimated that 1.5 million new cases of diabetes (6.7 per 1,000 persons) were diagnosed among U.S. adults aged 18 years or older in 2015 (CDC 2017). This increase of new cases may be caused by several factors: changes in diagnostic criteria, improved or enhanced detection, decreasing mortality, and changes in demographic characteristics of the population (Engelgau 2004). Diabetes is also a very costly problem; in 2017, diabetes cost the United States a total of $327 million in health care (ADA 2015). The high costs of diabetes lead to external costs such as higher insurance costs.

Obesity is known as a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes because increases in diabetes have been linked to increases in obesity. Previous literature has shown that physical inactivity is linked to weight gain. Simultaneously, there is evidence that physical inactivity directly contributes to rising diabetes rates. 12% of clinically diagnosed diabetes and hypertension cases can be attributed to physical inactivity (Colditz). Physical inactivity leads to significant weight gain and rapidly induces insulin resistance (Strasser 2013). This study contributes to the previous literature estimating the direct effect of weekly physical inactivity on state-specific diabetes rates where overweight and obesity prevalence are held constant.


Literature Review

Physical inactivity in the United States is high and is responsible for roughly 400,000 deaths annually. It has been previously determined that physical inactivity increases with age, however, there has been a recent trend of diabetes emerging at younger ages (Gordon-Larsen 2004). Kruger found that the prevalence of physical inactivity declined significantly, from 29.8% in 1994 to 23.7% in 2004 (Kruger 2004).

Previous studies show that increases in physical activity directly correlate to a decline in the diabetes rate. Helmrich (1991) used a proportional-hazards regression model to test for the independence of association between physical activity and the development of type 2 diabetes in American men over a 14-year period. Age, BMI, and year of diabetes diagnosis were entered into the model as continuous variables while history of hypertension and parental history of diabetes were inputted as dummy variables. This study found that the incidence rate of diabetes decreased by 6% for every increment of 500 kcal per week in physical activity (Helmrich).

Another study by BMJ Journals found that sedentary behaviors (physical inactivity) are positively associated with risk of type 2 diabetes through multiethnic analyses and were influenced by race/ethnicity (Joseph). This study concluded that leisure sedentary behavior on type 2 diabetic risk remained significant after full adjustment including BMI (Joseph 2016).

An international study by C. Oggioni (2014) used multilinear regression model to test whether physical inactivity influenced diabetes rates globally. The study concluded that 1% increase in prevalence of physical inactivity would predict a 0.40% increase in worldwide diabetes prevalence.  The analysis indicated that the prevalence of diabetes may double over the next two decades if worldwide physical inactivity prevalence happened to rise annually by approximately 1% (Oggioni 2014).


Empirical Model

Linear regression is used to estimate the potential connection between state diabetes rates and physical inactivity. In this paper, we estimate the following regression model:

Diabetes Rate = +

1

No Activity +

2

Soda +

3

Income +

4

Uninsured +

5

Region +

6

Obesity + u

The dependent variable in this model, diabetes rates, measures the percent of adults who have diabetes. Physical inactivity (No Activity) measures the percentage of the population that does not engage in leisure-time physical activity.

The Soda variable measures the percentage of the population that consumes one or more sugar-sweetened beverage per day. Income variables include the proportion of the state population that falls below the federal poverty line and median income for each state. Uninsured variable measures the proportion of the state population that does not have health insurance. Obesity rate measures the proportion of the population that is either overweight or obese. Lastly, we control for geographic region- we excluded the South.


Data

This study uses 2014-2017 publicly available state-level data.  Data sources for state diabetes rates, obesity rates, soda consumption, and physical inactivity are based on the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) an ongoing, state-based, random-digit-dialed telephone survey of non-institutionalized civilian adults aged 18 years and older. Information about the BRFSS is available at

http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/index.html

.

Dependent variable defines the diabetes rate as percent of adults who have diabetes.  Independent variable of interest measures prevalence physical inactivity among adults by state.  The rate shows proportion of adults who do not participate in any leisure-time physical activity.  BRFSS data is self-reported and defines physical inactivity as not meeting the 2008 physical activity guidelines for Americans – not meeting 150 mins of aerobic activity, or 75 mins of vigorous-intensity, or an equivalent combination of both per week.

Obesity rate is defined as percentage of adults in a state who are either overweight or obese.  An adult who has a BMI between 25 and 29.9 is considered overweight. An adult who has a BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese.  In this study we use state obesity rates as reported by the CDC.

State characteristics include poverty rate (percent of the population at or below poverty), annual median income, and proportion of the state population that is uninsured.  All state characteristics were obtained for 2016 from the Kaiser Family Foundation.

Table 1 below presents descriptive statistics.

Table 1. Descriptive Statistics

Table 1 above shows a wide variance in diabetes rates across states. Diabetes prevalence ranged from 7.1% in Utah to 15.2% in West Virginia. The average of diabetes prevalence was 10.51%. Our variable of interest, physical inactivity per week, ranged from 16.5% in Colorado to 35.1% in Tennessee and West Virginia with the average percent of inactive adults being 25.7%.


Empirical Results

Regression results in Table 2 show that physical inactivity is an important determining factor of state diabetes rates. Higher rates of physical inactivity lead to higher state diabetes rates. When the weekly physical inactivity rate increases by 1%, state diabetes rates increase by .1760% (p-value<0.05)

Table 2: Regression Results

R

2

, the coefficient of determination, exhibits how much variation in state diabetes rates can be associated to variations in our independent variables. Shown in Table 2, 79.52% of the data can be explained by our regression model. While this accounts for the majority of variation in state diabetes rates, it is not high enough to correlate all variation in state diabetes rates. As a consequence, this model may provide useful insight to the factors contributing to state diabetes rates, but it does not provide a complete, comprehensive list of all independent variables that surround state diabetes rates.

Other important determinants of state diabetes rates include insurance and regional variables. Higher insurance rates increase diabetes diagnoses, so states with higher uninsurance rates record fewer diabetes cases (p-value<0.05). The model also finds that states in the Midwest have lower diabetes rates than states in the South (p-value<0.05)


Conclusions and Policy Implications

The empirical results show that physical inactivity is a significant driver of state diabetes rates. Creating policy to increase public physical activity should be an important target for health care officials as a potential way to decrease diabetes rates as well as obesity rates. Keeping this in mind, policy makers should: normalize conversation about physical activity at the doctor, create or extend access to more places for physical activity in communities, and investigate methods to help educate people about the many benefits of physical activity. Normalizing discussion of physical activity every time a patient goes to the doctor will help to promote the idea that physical activity is extremely important and would hopefully lead to a better understanding of the consequences of physical inactivity. Creating or extending access to physical activity centers in communities as well as educating adults on where to find places to be physically active will simply help/motivate adults to become more active. Lastly, researching ways to educate people on the negative consequences will hopefully lead to adults becoming more physically active.

Unfortunately, the results from this study are not without limitations. Diabetes, physical inactivity, and BMI were self-reported. Self-reporting may lead to error and bias in our results. Another limitation is that the sample sizes of physical inactivity is unknown; while this does not imply low causality in our model, a larger sample would better predict regression values. Also, in areas with high uninsurance rates, cases of diabetes may go undiagnosed.


References

  • ADA 2015. “Statistics About Diabetes”. Available at: https://www.diabetes.org/resources/statistics/statistics-about-diabetes
  • CDC 2017. National Diabetes Statistics Report. Available at:

    https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdf
  • Colditz, Graham A. “Economic Costs of Obesity and Inactivity : Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.”

    LWW

    , 1999, journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Fulltext/1999/11001/Economic_costs_of_obesity_and_inactivity.26.aspx.
  • Engelgau, Michael M., et al. “The Evolving Diabetes Burden in the United States.”

    Annals of Internal Medicine

    , American College of Physicians, 1 June 2004, annals.org/aim/fullarticle/717516/evolving-diabetes-burden-united-states.
  • Gordon-Larsen, Penny. “Longitudinal physical activity and sedentary behavior trends.”

    APJM, 2004,


    https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(04)00183-7/fulltext
  • Helmrich, Susan P. “Physical Activity and Reduced Occurrence of Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: NEJM.” New England Journal of Medicine. 1991. 18 Sept. 2019 <

    https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199107183250302

    >.
  • Joseph, Joshua J et al. “Physical activity, sedentary behaviors and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).” BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care. 01 June 2016. BMJ Specialist Journals. 18 Sept. 2019 <

    https://drc.bmj.com/content/4/1/e000185#request-permissions

    >.
  • Kruger, J. “Welcome to CAB Direct.”

    CAB Direct

    , 2004,

    www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20053187248

    .
  • Oggioni, Clio et al. “Shifts in population dietary patterns and physical inactivity as determinants of global trends in the prevalence of diabetes: An ecological analysis.” Science Direct. Oct. 2014. 18 Sept. 2019 <

    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0939475314001689#!

    >.
  • Strasser, Barbara. “Physical Activity in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome.”

    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

    , Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Apr. 2013, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3715111/.

Wellness paper

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Wellness paper

A community clinic is an organization that is concerned with the welfare of human beings. An organization helps the community to improve their health through providing physical, mental and social well-being of individuals. A community clinic provides primary health-care services, immunizations, well and sick-care, counseling services on various diseases like HIV aids, mental illness, education on diabetes and family planning counseling. In addition, it helps the uninsured population to make access to the high quality health care services through a volunteer network services. Patients are treated, tested and then referred to big hospitals for further testing and treatment incase of any need that may arise.

What are the goals of the organization?

The goals of the organization are to emphasize on prevention, education services, early intervention and rehabilitation programs. In addition, it directs care since it is part of the health care sector. First, in emphasizing on prevention, they provide immunizations programs especially when an outbreak of diseases occurs in order to curb the disease before it spreads. Secondly, educations services include HIV aids and counseling, family planning education to expectant mothers in order to help them maintain their well-being and good health. Lastly, rehabilitation programs include a long-term effort that reflects on implementation and empowerment programs through re-establishing other health facilities to marginalized areas.

How the nursing process could be utilized in the organization

Nursing process could be utilized in the organization through delivering health care to patients that are produced by nursing ideas and models. Nursing process involves a great framework for nursing care that is centered on problems solving and accomplishing the organizational goals. The procedure ends as long as the work is accomplished and the underlying goals are met. The nursing process could be utilized anywhere where the nurses encounters the problems especially patients who needs care. According to evaluation of nurses, care changes in nursing care could be achieved through implementations and nursing research processes. Nevertheless, the process centers on the health insurance of the patients and physical needs and the process seeks to find solutions on emotion and social needs. The nursing process involves achieving goals, care for patients, collaboration and systematic procures though following specific methods which includes,

Assessment process, this is involved in nursing process in order to achieve better delivery of services through data analyzing of patients in a dynamic and orderly way. The nursing processes in the assessment stage can be employed through collecting significant information such as psychological, social-cultural or psychological information. Therefore, nurses can use this data to analyze the situation of the patient regarding on their sickness. The assessment process involves description of the disease, physical causes and symptom of pain. The nurse can eventually compare the patient’s response to environmental circumstances such laziness, positive family relationships and pain medication request (Blash, Dower, Chapman, University of California and San Francisco, 2011).

Diagnosis process is the clinical judgment by nurses on potential condition of the patients together with the care that patients require. It is a planning basis for the care provision and it reflects the possible root cause of the disease thus gives suggestions for the care to be provided. Another method is planning process (Blash, 2011 et al). The nursing process involves panning of short-term and long-term goals that involves planning of nutrition, medications and counseling programs. In addition, implementation process can be done basing on the care planning thus making care changes through implementation. Lastly, evaluation of the whole process could be included that involves patient’s status and the care that nurses could provide the patients.

How would you implement the goals, future directions, and long-term focus of the organization?

One can implement the goals, future directions and long-term focus of the organization through defining a strategic vision. Implementing a vision in a health organization is crucial because it will help nurses to achieve the future and long-term goals. The vision can act, as a guiding tool for achieving the implemented goals. Within the vision, there must be a mission statement within a clear meaning. Vision can help in describing a set of ideas and priorities and they can give a clear picture of the future of an organization. The right vision can direct the organization from the current situation thus focuses on the future situation. It is from the present that an organization can be able to achieve long-term goals.

In addition, the primary reason for developing a vision is to direct the employees, share holders and human resource managers in the health care towards achieving organizational goals. Implementing goals with a clear vision can enable nurses to maintain ethical conduct and create essential values for shareholders on along-term basis. This can be through building a solid foundation on specific future achievements of an organization. A good vision should be realistic, convincing, and attractive and should aim to meet the future goals. It should recognize the present position of the organization and integrate all the areas where action is required into a comprehensive decision-making.

Discuss the problems and what your solution is

The increasing problem that people encounters everyday includes poor health and poor services at the community clinics level. The frequent hospital admissions and acuity medical stipulation to patients is quite alarming and this is contributed to poor service provision in the primary care level. The patients living in the poor areas have few emergency rooms and few health care providers. In addition, there is lack of care stability because some of the patients’ especially expectant mothers utilize traditional clinics. This is because of the poor health outcomes and inadequate facilities at the primary health care level (Noffsinger, 2009).

The solution is through redesigning of the health care delivery system and better management of chronic diseases. Another solution is to increase emergency rooms and employ many health care providers in the community clinics. Improve on health delivery systems and promote better access and continuity of care provision. This can help solve the problem of health disparities and thus lead to enhanced self-management of patients. There should be formation of team that consists of the community members, nurses and human resources in order to handle problems that patients encounter.

Discuss the aspects of the organization demonstrates Doretha Orens Nursing Theory and Nightingale approach to holistic nursing process

Doretha Orens’ nursing theory states that nurses are required to provide care when the patients cannot be able to provide themselves the required care through measuring the patients’ deficit to self-care necessities. Organizations should demonstrate Orens’ model of nursing in the nursing process and the model is particularly used in community clinics where the patients are urged to be independent. According to Doretha, patients should provide care for themselves because they can recover more quickly and nurses should allow them to take care of themselves if they have the ability to do so. The model emphasizes self-care obligations and nurses are advised to rate the self-care deficits of the patients in a chronological scale (Barrett, Wilson and Woollands, 2009).

Nightingale’s approach emphasizes that care and proper environmental resources in nursing field should be utilized well. She emphasizes that nursing practices are crucial than medicinal practices because if the nurse cannot diagnose, it means that she cannot provide a good care (Barrett, 2009 et al). In her model, she advocates that the patients should be placed at the center of the nursing process from a realistic viewpoint. In addition, patient’s recognitions such as signs, state and injury creates a holistic approach to the general care. According to Nightingale’s approach, one of the essential values is that nurse should recognize their roles in clinical practice and advance their nursing research.

References

Barrett, D., Wilson, B., & Woollands, A. (2009). Care planning: A guide for nurses. Harlow,

England: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Blash, L., Dower, C., Chapman, S., & University of California, San Francisco. (2011).

University of Utah Community Clinics – medical assistant terms enhance patient-centered, physician-efficient care. Research brief (Center for the Health Professions). San Francisco: Center for the Health Professions.

Noffsinger, E. B. (2009). Running group visits in your practice. New York, NY: Springer.

NURS 66650 Group Therapy with Older Adults Discussion

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NURS 66650 Group Therapy with Older Adults Discussion

NURS 66650 Group Therapy with Older Adults Discussion

 

As the
population continues to age, more and more older adults will require therapy
for various mental health issues. While the group setting offers many benefits
and makes therapy more accessible to those in need of services, this
therapeutic approach may not be effective for all clients. For this Discussion,
as you examine your own practicum experiences with older adults in group
therapy settings, consider strategies to improve the effectiveness of your
sessions.

Learning
Objectives

Students
will:

Analyze
group therapy sessions with older adults

Recommend
strategies for improving the effectiveness of group therapy sessions for older
adults

To prepare:

Review this
week’s Learning Resources, and consider the insights provided on group therapy
with older adults.

Reflect on
your practicum experiences with older adults in group therapy settings.

Note: For
this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will
be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the
Post to Discussion Question link and then select Create Thread to complete your
initial post. Remember, once you click submit, you cannot delete or edit your
own posts, and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully
before clicking Submit!

By Day 3

Post a
description of a group therapy session with older adults, including the stage
of the group, any resistances or issues that were present, and therapeutic
techniques used by the facilitator.

ORDER an A++ paper from our Verified MASTERS and DOCTORATE WRITERS:NURS 66650 Group Therapy with Older Adults Discussion

Explain any challenges that may occur when
working with this group. Support your recommendations with evidence-based
literature.

Read a
selection of your colleagues’ responses.

By Day 6

Respond to
at least two of your colleagues by recommending strategies for improving the
effectiveness of their group therapy sessions. Support your recommendations
with evidence-based literature and your own experiences with clients.

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10 % discount on an order above
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For the Unit VIII assignment- please refer to Section 5.4 of the text. Monica works at a regional weather office on the Atlantic coast. She notes (from the office records) that hurricanes have made la

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For the Unit VIII assignment, please refer to Section 5.4 of the text.

Monica works at a regional weather office on the Atlantic coast. She notes (from the office records) that hurricanes have made landfall on the coast somewhere near their city of Johnstown in the past 11 years. Monica notes that forecasted landfall has been different from actual observed landfall as shown in the table below.

YEAR ACTUAL (MILES FROM JOHNSTOWN)24-HOUR FORECAST (MILES FROM JOHNSTOWN)14625533040421051213675711118212591281012151169

How accurate has the forecast been? Do you think this difference matters to a beach town? Can you develop a forecasting system model that may be more accurate?

Explain your methodology and ideas in a paper of at least four pages. Be sure to research sources to support your ideas, and integrate the sources using APA-formatted citations and matching reference lists. Additionally, use Times New Roman 12pt. double-spaced font.

Study On Unprofessional Conduct By A Nurse

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A Nurse Board received a complaint concerning allegations that registered nurse, whilst working in the emergency department of hospital, practiced outside the scope by knowingly providing prescription only medication to a patient without the authority of medical officer.

When interviewed, the nurse stated the patient attended the emergency department for treatment and the department was busy at this particular time and the patient knowing this stated that they were not prepared to wait for treatment. The nurse made enquires of the patient’s allergies and responses to medication and then consulted a doctor. The nurse then obtained a packet of antibiotics and provided them to the patient. The nurse also made false entries in the medical record of the patient.

1. Discuss and explain, what is the nature if unprofessional conduct by this nurse in this situation?

The code of professional conduct is the manner in which acting in which a person behaves which acting in a professional capacity. A nurse must practise in a safe and competent manner, also with in scope of nursing. In other words nurse practise and conduct themselves in accordance with laws relevant to the profession and practise of nursing. They provide impartial, honest and accurate information in relation to nursing care and health care products. These are some expected national standards of nursing conduct for Australian nurse.

In the above mentioned scenario, the Registered Nurse provided antibiotics to the patient without the order of the registered medical practitioner, while she was working in the emergency department. As a nurse she is professionally acceptable for the provision of safe and competent care. But she is not allowed to provide a prescription to the patient. Her intention was not to harm the patient, but to deliver quick treatment. But by violating the expected behaviour, she had put the safety of the patient at risk. Apart from that, false documentation was also being made which clearly proves that she is competent and untruthful in profession.

Traditional process used for apprising and displaying nurses who have made honest mistake in the course of the work need to be substantially modified as they are odds with the modes of human error management that are currently being advocated and adopted globally to improve patient safety and quality of care in health care domains. The nursing profession expect that nurses will conduct themselves personally and professionally in a way that will maintain public trust and confidence in the profession

2. How has the nurse acted outside the professional boundaries?

It is the responsibility of the registered nurse to behave ethically at all times, and to maintain professional boundaries with clients, their immediate family and significant others!

In the given situation, the nurse has acted out of her scope of practice by providing antibiotic without prescription. The unit being busy and patient unwillingness to wait for treatment cannot justify her act and only reveals her known competency and poor knowledge in her carrier. She should have consulted her in-charge or someone responsible for this client before doing so. The provisional boundaries in medication administration restrict a nurse to administer drugs with doctor’s order and providing only the nurse initiated drugs or following telephone orders when an emergency exists or when the doctor cannot write the prescription

Besides, the medication management guidelines for nurses by NBV states that nurse should administer a drug that is not include in the nurse initiated list only if it is prescribed by an authorised professional.

These boundaries are written by the ANMC to be use as a guide in accordance with the code of conduct and code of ethics.

3. Identify the relevant legislation and professional regulation related to this case.

‘The nurses and midwife act 2006’ governs nursing and midwifery practise and registration with in Western Australia and legislation relating to medication use. This incorporates many other acts.

The legislation and professional regulation related to this case, the Medicine s Policy (2000) and the National Strategy for the Quality use of Medicines (2002) points out that medicines should be administered judiciously, appropriately, safely and effectively. Apart from that, Health Regulation 1996 a registered nurse can administer a restricted or controlled drugs to a patient on a Doctor’s or Dentist’s oral or written instruction (RN SECTION 67,175,263).The poison Act (1964) and Poison Regulation (1965) provide clear instruction for nurses and midwifes relating to the administration of drugs should be verbal orders from Medical Practioners and authority for nurses and midwifes at designated remote area.

These are meant to serve and protect public. The ANMC National Competency Standards for registered nurses within a profession and ethical nursing practice demonstrating accountability and responsibility for their own action and decision making in accordance with the legislations and regulations.

4. What type of professional development would you recommend for this nurse to undertake to prevent future such incidents and why?

The nurse must meet the continuing professional development standards. This is a legal requirement. Registered nurses are accountable for making decisions.

This particular nurse has acted outside her scope of practise also made errors in documentation intentionally. The exhibited poor knowledge and non compliance with registration proves that the nurse should review the professional standards and code of ethics and also update with new legislation and regulations relating to medicines administration. While practicing should be very careful about her acts and the consequences, so that she can understand her professional boundaries thereby ensuring safety of patient, herself and co-workers. In addition, continuing nursing education programmes, counselling and a change of work setting may help her to work competently and safely.

The national competency standards demands participation in ongoing professional development of self and others. Also nursing practise in accordance with legislation affecting nursing practise and health care.

5. What is the seriousness of this issue?

The Registered Nurses issues relates to the professional, legal and ethical responsibilities which requires demonstration of a satisfactory knowledge base, accountability for practice, functioning in accordance with legislation affecting Nursing ,health care and the protection of individual and group rights.

With in the health care system, nurses are responsible for providing safe and competent care. But in this case, the nurse indulged in an unprofessional conduct by administering medication without prescription which may lead to harm to the patient even to the extent of death. Moreover, the false entries in the records may mislead the co-worker and may cause more harm to the patient. Also this misconduct puts disgrace to her career and lead to legal, social and monetary implications resulting in cancellation of Registration.

In addition, the nursing authority has to suffer in terms of need for investigation and the expenditure on making the fault. Repeated incidents of such unprofessional conduct may disrupt public’s faith in health personnel who is considered life savers.

DISCUSS THE INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF THE HEADACHE, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FROM AN ADVANCED NURSING PRACTICE PERSPECTIVE,

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DISCUSS THE INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF THE HEADACHE, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FROM AN ADVANCED NURSING PRACTICE PERSPECTIVE.

discuss the incidence and prevalence of thHeadache, pathophysiology from an advanced nursing practice perspective, physical assessment and examination, evidence-based treatment plan and patient education, as well as follow up and evaluation to assess the efficacy and outcomes of the evidence-based treatment plan for management of an episodic, acute, and chronic case involving your pathology.

Addiction: The Affects of Incarceration Without Treatment

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Of the fifty states that make up the United States of America, New Hampshire is ranked number forty-two based on size in population, totaling at just over one million residents. However, New Hampshire’s largest city, Manchester, has the highest overdose rate in the entire country. In a span of ten months in 2016, Manchester had suffered from 639 overdoses (NH1 News). That calculates out to be sixty-four overdoses a month, sixteen overdoses a week, and three overdoses a day. This is just a small look into the growing drug epidemic the United States is facing. As this issue becomes more prominent in today’s world of politics, there is more focus on addiction and substance abuse. However, the necessary precautions may not been taken to combat this problem inside the jails and prisons across the United States. In order to decrease the issues regarding the current drug epidemic, there must be changes made to the mandated incarceration system required for the punishment of addicts who commit crimes related to substance abuse.

As the drug epidemic continues, there has been a target put on inmates who have or currently are, struggling with addiction or substance abuse. A common misconception is the difference between drug or alcohol abuse and dependence. Drug abuse is the “hinge on the harmful consequences of repeated use but do not include the compulsive use, tolerance, or withdrawal symptoms that can be signs of addiction” (NIH). Contrary to drug abuse, drug dependence is the mental illness in which a person replaces their normal needs and desires with priorities connected to the use of a drug or alcohol, otherwise known as addiction (NIH). The overlooked reality of addiction is that it is a mental health issue.

In order to put the drug epidemic that the United States of America is facing as a nation, it is imperative to put it into comparison to the rest of the world. Currently, the United States of America has less than 5% of world’s population. However, the country takes the prize for having ingested two-thirds of the world’s illegal drugs. On top of that, we take almost one-fourth of the world’s prisoners. With about 2.3 million inmates in prisons and jails across the United States, 1.5 million meet DSM-IV, or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual and Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, criteria for substance-related abuse or addiction (Columbia). As for the rest of the incarcerated population, 458,000 inmates were reported to have a connection between their committed crime and alcohol or an illegal substance (CASA). Clearly, the use of illegal drugs in the United States is not only becoming an epidemic but a server cultural problem.

One, of many, contributing factors to the drug epidemic in the United States is the repeated offenders that continue to abuse drugs or alcohol once there are released from jail. This is especially true for an inmate who struggles with an addiction. According to an article released by the Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, most inmates who have a substance abuse issue relapse, or return to previous harmful activity after a long period of improvement, once they are released and placed back into the community. Not only are addicted inmates likely to relapse, but substance-involved inmates are also more likely to be incarcerated again after being released compared to inmates who were not involved in illegal drug or alcohol activities (CASA). This is a problem all on its own, but can also lead to further issues if it continues to happen.

Without further treatment for the incarcerated addicts that are crowding jails and prisons across the United States, the crime rate is only going to continue to increase. As a nation, the United States already struggles with the crime rates in its major cities. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 56.6% of inmates said they did not have a mental health problem still were dependent on drugs or alcohol (Office of Justice Systems). Even though many claimed to not have a mental health issue, they still can be tested for one due to their dependence on a substance. However, with or with a mental health issue, releasing someone into the community with a withstanding drug issue can only hinder on the fight against rising crime rates.

In order to properly discus the population impacted by addictions of the incarcerated people, it is essential to first discus the demographic factors of substance abuse across all Americans. According to a survey completed in 2017 by the American Addiction Centers, the groups of people who are effected by drug abuse and addiction is surprising. The survey reported that 5.1 million Americans age eighteen to twenty-six had a substance abuse disorder, which reports as about 14.8% of that population. However, approximately 13.6 million adults age 26 or older struggled with a substance abuse disorder, totaling at 6.4% of this age group. As for the elderly Americans, more than 1 million adults aged 65 or older struggled with a substance abuse disorder, which is almost two-thirds of the elderly population (Thomas).

While the age statistics of Americans who suffer from a substance abuse disorder may be alarming, the ethnicity statistics may be just as surprising. According to the same survey published by the American Addiction Centers, American Indians and Alaska Natives age 12 and older had the highest rate of substance abuse disorders in the country, that figure being 12.8% of their population. Following American Indians and Alaska Natives is Whites, who had a substance abuse disorder rate of 7.7% of their population. Next, 6.8% African Americans struggled with substance abuse disorders. Very closely following African Americans is Hispanics or Latinos at 6.6%, then Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders at 4.6%. The lowest rate of substance abuse disorders in a specific ethnicity is from Asian Americas, where 3.8% of the population suffered from such disorders (Thomas).

Looking at the statistics above, it can be alarming, but also reassuring that most of the country’s population is clean of drugs. However, the problem of addiction across incarcerated people stands tall. Of the 2.3 million people that populate American jails and prisons, more than 65% meet the physical and psychological standards and criteria for addictions. That equals out to more than 3 in every 5 people in this country’s jails and prisons have a substance abuse disorder of some kind. Every 3 in 5 people, who are sitting in cells across the United States, struggling every day with a mental illness are, not receiving treatment. According to an article related to the survey from American Addiction Centers, written by the same author Dr. Scot Thomas, addiction is considered a highly treatable disease where recovery is attainable (Thomas). If most of the people in our jails and prison suffer from this disease, which is very treatable, why are they not receiving treatment?

From a sociological standpoint, there are a few theories that can explain the epidemic of addiction in the criminal justice system of the United States, as well as explain the importance of treatment. The first theory to discuss is the functionalist theory. The functionalist theory displays the functions and dysfunctions of something in order to maintain social stability. In this sense, the use of illegal and legal drugs have provided some functions in society such as provide jobs for employees of the criminal justice system like police officers, court officials, and prison workers. However, illegal and legal drug addiction has some dysfunctions, including the negative effects it has on users, abusers, and society as a whole (Barkan).

The second sociological theory that can be used to describe the epidemic of addiction in the incarcerated population is the conflict theory. The conflict theory emphasizes the negative effects an event or issue has on social equality. This theory provides framework for the demographics of drug abuse. For example, there is a higher volume of drug abuse in poor urban areas, which results from poverty, racial inequality, and other unfortunate conditions. It has been shown that the people that inhibit these places turn to drugs as a way to cope with such horrible circumstances of life, or even as a source of income without proper education (Barkan). Due to the penalities of drug use, these ideas are often taken into the criminal justice system with the person who has been convicted of the crime. Thus, making drug abuse more prevalent in prisons and jails.

The third sociological theory that can be used to describe the epidemic of addiction in the incarcerated population is symbolic interactionism theory. The theory of symbolic interactionism stresses the interaction of individuals and how they take that interaction and interpret it themselves. This is a huge factor to consider when discussing the sociological view of drug abuse, especially in the criminal and incarcerated populations. Drug abuse can be described as a behavior, and can be caused by an individual’s interaction with someone who previously used or is currently using drugs (Barkan).

For example, a high school graduate could be close friends with a current high school sophomore. Said sophomore looks up to said graduate, and thinks he is cool and interesting. When said sophomore starts seeing said graduate using drugs constantly, and developing an abusive habit, the sophomore then associates drugs use and abuse with being cool and interesting, because that’s what characteristics he sees in said graduate. Shortly after making this connection, the sophomore then develops the abusive drug habit and becomes addicted. Frankly, this couldn’t be more true for someone who is incarcerated. Because the majority of people in prisons and jails have a substance abuse disorder, inmates are constantly being surrounded by that black cloud. Therefore, this then makes the importance of treatment so prevalent in the people who populate our prisons.

Since clarifying the sociological connection between the need for treatment of addicted people of the incarcerated population, it is prevalent why this topic is so important. As a nation, it is clear that action needs to be taken to fight the ongoing war on drugs. Recently, there has been a target on the back of addiction and its role in the ongoing drug epidemic. The important thing to remember is that addiction is a mental disease, and it is not easy for an addict to just stop using drugs. However, knowing the severity of the issue is vital in trying to combat the epidemic. Because addiction is a mental disorder, it requires treatment. For those who have committed a drug crime, their treatment is a punishable amount of time in prison. Especially for an addict who is calling out for help, how is it helpful to them to be surrounded by many other people who have the same issue, in a setting full of degrading tension and anger? With the overwhelming number of people who become repeat offenders, the necessary form of action is to provide an environment in which they can overcome the disease that took over their life.

Not only is the treatment of addiction important to the health of addicts, but to the well-being of the common people and their economy. It’s no secret that the United States has become more dangerous of the past several decades, but there have been issues with the economy as well. Due to the increase in crime, there has been a need for funding from the taxpayers as well. In some states, the necessary action to fight increasing crime and the need for more funding from the taxpayers has already been taken. In Kentucky and Texas, there have very successful programs put into place that has put addicts through programs that are alternatives to incarceration, while saving taxpayers millions of dollars (NADCP).

Even with great programs in place in a few states, this issue needs to be fixed nation-wide. Not only should those programs be expanded to cover every part of the United States of America, but there are also ways it can be expanded and improved. For example, it is important to have rehabilitation available to everyone of all ages. Many programs will turn away teens who need or want help, but by supplying an incarceration alternative to fit the needs of addicts of various ages will be extremely helpful. Also, it is important to implement education into school systems across the country. Making a course on drug and alcohol abuse mandatory for students going through an educational system has been proven to lower the chances of substance abuse or addiction in the future. Lastly, the punishment for drug dealers has to be stricter. Because drug dealers do their business illegally, and the fact of how deadly drug abuse can be, it makes sense to sentence convicted dealers to harsh punishments. By adding those amendments to the current


Works Cited

  • Barkan, Steven E. Social problems: Continuity and change. Washington, D.C.: Saylor Academy, 2012.
  • Thomas, Scot. “Addiction Statistics: Drug & Substance Abuse Statistics.” American Addiction Centers. 2019. 01 Aug. 2019 .

Analyze and assess legal and ethical restraints on marketing and advertising, relative to both consumers and organizations.

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Analyze and assess legal and ethical restraints on marketing and advertising, relative to both consumers and organizations.

Assignment 4: Legal and Ethical Considerations in Marketing, Product Safety, and Intellectual Property
Due End of Week 9 and worth 300 points

You are a new associate at the law firm of Dewey, Chetum, and Howe. John, a former researcher at PharmaCARE, comes to your office. He has concerns about PharmaCARE’s use of AD23, one of the company’s top-selling diabetes drugs. Two (2) years ago, after PharmaCARE’s research indicated that AD23 might also slow the progression of Alzheimer’s disease, John and his team of pharmacists began reformulating the drug to maximize that effect. In order to avoid the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) scrutiny, PharmaCARE established a wholly-owned subsidiary, CompCARE, to operate as a compounding pharmacy to sell the new formulation to individuals on a prescription basis. CompCARE established itself in a suburban office park near its parent’s headquarters. To conserve money and time, CompCARE did a quick, low-cost renovation.
CompCARE benefited from PharmaCARE’s reputation, databases, networks, and sales and marketing expertise, and within six (6) months had the medical community buzzing about AD23. Demand soared, particularly among Medicare, Medicaid, and Veterans Affairs patients. Seeing the opportunity to realize even more profit, CompCARE began advertising AD23 directly to consumers and marketing the drug directly to hospitals, clinics, and physician offices, even though compounding pharmacies are not permitted to sell drugs in bulk for general use. To circumvent this technicality, CompCARE encouraged doctors to fax lists of fictitious patient names to CompCARE. PharmaCARE sold CompCARE to WellCo, a large drugstore chain, just weeks before AD23 was publicly linked to over 200 cardiac deaths.
As CompCARE and its new parent company enjoyed record profits and PharmaCARE’s stock price approached $300 per share, reports started surfacing that people who received AD23 seemed to be suffering heart attacks at an alarming rate. The company ignored this data and continued filling large orders and paying huge bonuses to all the executives and managers, including John, whose wife recently died from a heart attack after using AD23.
John has come to you with an internal company memo describing the potential problems with AD23, and information describing the company’s willingness “roll the dice” and continue to market the drug.
In preparation for this assignment, use the Internet or Strayer Library to research examples of intellectual property theft that occurred within the past three (3) years.

Write a six to eight (6-8) page paper in which you:
1. Research three to five (3-5) ethical issues in the scenario relating to marketing and advertising, intellectual property, and regulation of product safety and examine the extent to which PharmaCARE violated these issues. Be sure to identify the law and then the extent of the violations.
2 Argue for or against Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) marketing by drug companies. Provide support for your response.
3. Analyze the manner in which PharmaCARE used U.S. law to protect its own intellectual property and if John has any claim to being the true “inventor” of AD23. Suggest at least three (3) ways the company could compensate John for the use of his intellectual property.