Discuss current research that links patient safety outcomes to ADN and BSN nurses.

September 3, 2024/in Uncategorized /by elias

Discuss current research that links patient safety outcomes to ADN and BSN nurses.

DQ1. Discuss current research that links patient safety outcomes to ADN and BSN nurses. Based on some real-life experiences, do you agree or disagree with this research?

DQ2. What is the difference between a DNP and a PhD in nursing? Which of these would you choose to pursue if you decide to continue your education to the doctoral level?

Write an academic paper of (500-700 words) to educate nurses about how the practice of nursing is expected to grow and changes.

September 3, 2024/in Uncategorized /by elias

Write an academic paper of (500-700 words) to educate nurses about how the practice of nursing is expected to grow and changes.

Here are some directions to help and an example paper to provide clear direction on the expectation. Each student is required to write ONE paper and submit ONE paper for grading. This paper will have TWO sections. It appears that the assignment to be submitted is the #3 portion of the assignment however; the grading rubric speaks to the #1 portion of the assignment. Do not create a power point presentation. This assignment is one paper and the first section of the paper will be the “presentation”.

Below is the assignment: As the country focuses on the restructure of the U.S. health care delivery system, nurses will continue to play an important role. It is expected that more and more nursing jobs will become available out in the community, and less will be available in acute care hospitals. 1. Write an academic paper of (500-700 words) to educate nurses about how the practice of nursing is expected to grow and changes. Include the concepts of continuity or continuum of care, accountable care organizations (ACO), medical homes, and nurse-managed health clinics. 2. Share your thoughts and ideas on this research with nurse colleagues on your unit or department and ask them to offer their impressions of the anticipated changes to health care delivery and the new role of nurses in hospital settings, communities, clinics and medical homes. This is the “presentation”. 3. Include nurse colleague responses (You can use an APA formatted heading to identify “Colleague Feedback”) and discuss whether their impressions are consistent with what you have researched about health reform (800-1000 words) 4. A minimum of three scholarly references are required for this assignment. 5. Combine the 500-700 words (Include the concepts of continuity or continuum of care, accountable care organizations (ACO), medical homes, and nurse-managed health clinics.)+ the 800-1000 words (Colleague Feedback) = One paper with 1300-1700 words This assignment uses a grading rubric that can be viewed at the assignment’s drop box. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

The Grading rubric includes the below required elements: • Clearly states how the practice of nursing and patient delivery will evolve, while addressing relevant concepts that include continuity or continuum of care, accountable care organizations, medical homes and nurse managed health clinics. • Evidence of Feedback and Forecasting of Nursing Role From Colleagues • Use of vocabulary regarding Evolving Practice of Nursing and Patient Care Delivery • Originality • Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, and language use) • Research Citations (in-text citations for paraphrasing and direct quotes, and reference page listing and formatting, as appropriate to assignment)

Teacher’s comment

This paper will have TWO sections. It appears that the assignment to be submitted is the #3 portion of the assignment however; the grading rubric speaks to the #1 portion of the assignment. Do not create a power point presentation. This assignment is one paper and the first section of the paper will be the “presentation” I do not mean to sound harsh… please do not take my message as being harsh Several of the students had questions and we have been having a discussion within the Questions for the Instructor Forum. I posted this announcement with an example paper to ensure that everyone understood. 1. Do you want me to grade the assignment and give you 1/2 the points? 2. Would you rather that I reassign the submissions to you and you can re-work and submit a paper, with both sections as required for grading? Hi Wilene, I looked at your document titled, “Nurses impressions on the projected changes and growth in health care provisions” and do not see the individual feedback from three (3) nurses as the assignment required. The assignment requires that you speak to three (3) separate colleagues (nurses) and discuss the data that you collected and obtain their specific feedback about continuity of care, accountable care organizations, medical homes and nurse-managed health clinics. This document that you submitted is a general discussion but I do not see that you actually spoke to specific nurses? I am reassigning both documents back to you. Please read the announcements, review the example paper and re-do this assignment.

Physical Activity- Social Media- & Self-esteem

September 3, 2024/in Uncategorized /by elias

Abstract

With the rise of obesity and the push for healthier lifestyles along with the increased usage of social media, the relationship between self-esteem, physical activity, social media use, and the interaction effect of physical activity and social media use comes into question. For this study, 65 participants self-reported data following the online anonymous survey, which asked for age, gender identity, rating of self-esteem based on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale, social media usage, and physical activity frequency based on the scale developed for this study (Appendix). The survey results showed that though there was a significant relationship between social media use and self-esteem, the results were not significant for the relationship between physical activity and self-esteem or the interaction effect. The study’s results were inconclusive due to the limited sample size and potential biases that resulted during data collection. Nonetheless, this study followed the same trends as seen in previous studies with the relationship between physical activity and self-esteem, physical activity and self-esteem, and their interaction effect.

Introduction

Standards of beauty have changed and fluctuated throughout history, and with them, our perception of worth has often been contested. What is considered most desirable is widely known to impact the lives of many, especially in terms of how one views themselves. Self-esteem is crucial to a person’s identity and confidence as it can influence a myriad of factors, from success to sociability to happiness. Given the recent push for healthier lifestyles along with the formation of various diet fads, many of which are advocated by celebrities who symbolize ideal images (Rousseau, 2015), the connection between one’s physical health and self-esteem is relevant.

Additionally, obesity is on the rise, possibly due to increased food intake, much of which is highly processed and maximized in oil, sugar, and fat to increase taste, along with decreased exercise (Blair & Nichaman, 2002). Increasing rates of obesity have sparked debate of where the line should be drawn between embracing all body types and encouraging healthier lifestyles (thereby encouraging a standard of health/body type). Past research has found that there is relationship between self-esteem and physical activity as well as physical activity and body image. In a study conducted in Iran, researchers concluded that those with low self-esteem should be encouraged to exercise (Zamani, et. al, 2016). Though establishing the link between physical activity and self-esteem, past research neglects to include other external factors.

With more and more people engaging with social media platforms and circulating ideal images, the variable of social media comes into the picture. Social media has been studied in the past with regard to self-esteem by examining the relationship between social media addiction and self-esteem (Hawi & Samaha, 2017), which indicates that social media addiction leads to lower self-esteem. Also, images of idealized celebrity body types have been found to impact body satisfaction and dieting practices, especially in young adolescent girls (Mooney, Farley, & Strugnell, 2009). With results from past research, the factor of social media may be relevant in the analysis of self-esteem, especially when coupled with the variable of physical activity since exercise has a direct impact on external characteristics.

This study assessed the relationship between self-esteem and physical activity, with the additional independent variable of social media use. Much of previous research considers other internal factors, such as body image and satisfaction with life, to better understand the link between self-esteem and physical activity. Differing from past research, the relationship between self-esteem and physical activity for those living in the Western world was assessed and the use of popular social media platforms known for circulating “perfect” or desirable images, was an independent variable included to see if there was an impact of social media usage instead of social media addiction on self-esteem.

For this study, based on previous research and expected trends, the following hypotheses were developed.

Hypothesis 1:

H
_o
: Physical activity will have no effect on self-esteem.

H
_a
: Greater physical activity will cause self-esteem to increase.

Hypothesis 2:

H
_o
: The relationship between self-esteem and physical activity will not be impacted by use of social media.

H
_a
: The relationship between self-esteem and physical activity will be impacted by use of social media.

Hypothesis 3:

H
_o
: The degree to which physical activity affects self-esteem will not depend on social media use.

H
_a
: The degree to which physical activity affects self-esteem will depend on social media use.

Hypothesis 1 predicts the main effect of whether physical activity is related to self-esteem. Hypothesis 2 controls for the possible confounding variable of social media use. Hypothesis 3 predicts for a possible interaction effect between physical activity and social media usage for the dependent variable, self-esteem.

Methods

There were 65 participants in his study, ranging from 18 to 74 years old and averaging 35.22 years old. 60% of participants (n = 39) identified as female, 40% of participants (n = 26) identified as male, and 0% identified as other. To recruit participants, I posted the survey on the Berkeley-affiliated Facebook groups Free & For Sale and UC Berkeley Class of 2020, as well as on my personal account. After receiving few responses, I messaged friends directly through Facebook and texted them with the survey link asking them to take the survey. Additionally, I asked my parents to circulate the survey (and take it themselves) to family and family friends, which also allowed me to expand the age range of participants. Since my study was not based on just UC Berkeley students, I encouraged everyone who took the survey to circulate it to their friends/roommates/family.

The survey was created through Qualtrics, a subscription software used to collect and analyze data, which I was able to access through my affiliation with UC Berkeley (email account). The survey asked for participants’ age, gender identity, self-esteem rating using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), social media usage, and physical activity frequency using a Likert scale I developed. To complete the study, participants clicked on an anonymous link that took them to the survey and then self-reported the data.

The dependent variable, self-esteem, was measured using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (Rosenberg, 1965). The scale consisted of 10 items and participants chose their level of agreement with each item on a 5-point scale instead of the original 4-point scale because the option of “Neutral” was given in case participants felt they could not identify or did not want to choose a more extreme option. Additionally, data analysis was made easier by having both continuous variables utilize the same 5-point scale. Participants chose from the 5 options of Strongly Disagree (1), Disagree (2), Neutral (3), Agree (4), and Strongly Agree (5). Examples of statements presented to participants include “I feel that I’m a person of worth, at least on an equal plane with others.” and “All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure.” The primary independent variable, physical activity, was measured through a Likert scale I developed. The scale consisted of 8 items and participants reported their frequency of performing each item on a 5-point scale. Participants chose from the 5 options of Never (1), Rarely (2), Occasionally (3), Frequently (4), and Always (5). Examples of the statements presented to included “I am more active than I am sedentary in any given day.” and “I am not involved in vigorous physical activities that make me sweat or puff and pant (i.e. aerobics, heavy lifting, jogging, etc.).” The second independent variable, usage of social media, was measure as a categorical variable. Participants were asked if they used any of the following popular social media platforms: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, Google+, or YouTube, and participants answered “Yes” or “No”.

Data Cleaning

Participants’ survey data was exported from Qualtrics into a CSV file with each of the Likert scales being converted to the aforementioned corresponding numerical values. 3 participants who did not answer any questions were removed in Qualtrics itself, giving the final number of participants as 65. Unnecessary words and columns of data (i.e. IP address) were removed from the data in Excel and the questions were relabeled for easier analysis in R. Then, the data was imported into R. The two continuous variables, self-esteem and physical activity, were combined and reverse-scored as necessary. Higher values of self-esteem and physical activity corresponded to higher self-esteem and more frequent physical activity. The categorical variable, social media usage, was converted from a continuous variable to a categorical one. No outliers were found and thus no further data was removed or cleaned.

Results

The variables measured in this study were gender (39 female, 26 male, 0 other), age (mean = 35.22, SD = 17.39, range = [18, 74]), self-esteem (mean = 3.60, SD = 0.88, range = [1.1, 5], alpha = 0.92), usage of social media (92.3% Yes, 7.7% No), and frequency of physical activity (mean = 3.15, SD = 0.84, range = [1, 4.625], alpha = 0.85). The spread of data for each variable is shown in the graphs below:

Graphs of Key Variables

Linear regressions were used to predict self-esteem from physical activity, use of social media, and their interaction effect. Although self-esteem and frequency of physical activity were on the same scale, I z-scored each variable in the models to ensure I could compare all the variables (for model 1, I got the same results before and after standardizing). Beta coefficients are reported for estimates as they indicate that slopes are in units of standard deviations, and the statistics are summarized in Table 1.

I ran a bivariate linear regression between self-esteem and physical activity to test Hypothesis 1. Looking at the first model of Table 1, the bivariate model predicting self-esteem from physical activity suggests that self-esteem is not related to frequency of physical activity (β = 0.36, 95% CI = [-0.04, 0.45], t(63) = 1.68, p = 0.098). Although there was a positive effect of greater frequency of physical activity on self-esteem, the effect was insignificant (R
²
= 0.043, F(21, 63) = 2.81, p > 0.05). Thus, the hypothesis was not supported and the results caused the failure to reject the null hypothesis. Power calculated, which indicates the probability that any test correctly rejects the null hypothesis, was low (P = 37.47%).

Additionally, I ran a bivariate linear regression between self-esteem and social media use. As seen in the second model of Table 1, the bivariate model predicting self-esteem from social media use suggests that self-esteem is related to social media use (β = 0.80, 95% CI = [0.003, 0.91], t(63) = 2.013, p = 0.048). There was a negative effect of social media use on self-esteem (use of social media causes lower self-esteem) and the effect was significant (R
²
= 0.06, F(21, 63) = 4.05, p < 0.05). However, though the effect was significant, it must be noted that only 5 people reported not using social media and since the sample size of those not using social media was very low, the results may not be correct.

To test Hypothesis 2, I created a model to predict self-esteem from both physical activity and social media use (Model 3). The addition of the variable of social media use cause the the relationship between physical activity and self-esteem to be halved, which indicates a partial mediation effect (β = 0.18, 95% CI = [-0.06, 0.45], t(62) = 1.52, p = 0.13). Unlike Model 2, the relationship between social media use and self-esteem is insignificant (p = 0.065), as remained the relationship between physical activity and self-esteem.

For Hypothesis 3, the model added an interaction effect between physical activity and social media usage (Model 4). Though there was an interaction effect (β = 0.19, 95% CI = [-1.44, 1.53], t(61) = 0.066, p > 0.05), it was insignificant. However, it is interesting to note that those who did not use social media generally had higher self-esteem regardless of physical activity than those that did use social media (Figure 3).

Table 1. Predicting self-esteem from physical activity frequency, social media use, and their interaction effect.

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Estimated Effects
Physical Activity	0.36 [-0.04, 0.45]	—	0.18 [-0.06, 0.45]	0.19 [-0.07, 0.45]
Social Media Use	—	0.46* [0.003, 0.91]	0.42 [-0.05, 1.53]	0.42 [-4.56, 5.71]
Physical Activity Social Media Use*	—	—	—	0.05 [-1.44, 1.53]
Model Summary
R ²	0.043	0.060	0.094	0.094
F-Test	2.814 (21, 63)	4.054 (21, 63)	3.227 (21, 62)	2.119 (3, 61)

Note: * p < .05, ** p < .01. 95% Confidence Intervals reported in brackets, degrees of freedom for the F-test reported in parentheses (model, residual).

Figure 1. Relationship between standardized physical activity frequency and standardized self-esteem.

Figure 2. Relationship between social media use and standardized self-esteem.

Figure 3. Relationship between physical activity and self-esteem with social media use (+1 SD in black) and no social media use (-1 SD in red).

Discussion

The results of this study found that self-esteem and physical activity did not have a significant relationship. Social media use was a partial mediator in this relationship, and the main effect relationship between social media use and self-esteem was found to be significant. However, the number of participants who did not utilize popular social media platforms was very small (n = 5), so it is difficult to conclude that social media use significantly impacts self-esteem. When a possible interaction effect was tested between physical activity and social media usage, no significant effects were found. Even though these results were not significant, a positive trend was present in the relationship between physical activity and self-esteem, which is consistent with past research. This study does not adequately demonstrate a strong positive connection between physical activity and self-esteem, and further research would be needed to confirm or deny a positive relationship between the two variables, particularly in the Western world.

The most problematic limitation of this study was the small sample size (n = 65). With more time and resources, I would attempt to survey a random, larger sample that would have more equal amounts of male and female participants (50/50 instead of 40/60). I would also ask participants for their race/ethnicity because I suspect, due to the way I recruited participants and my social circle composition, that most of the participants in my study were concentrated in a single racial identity (Asian), which may have biased the results. However, I cannot be certain of this since I did not have the foresight to ask participants to identify their racial/ethnic background. Also, I struggled to get responses from non-college age students as there are few within my network, which may have biased the results as well. Finally, most of my participants were concentrated in California and Arizona so I would need to expand the survey area to better understand the general population and prevent bias due to location. Because of the small sample size and the possible biases of the data in age, race/ethnicity, and location, I am unable to generalize my results to the overall population.

The data could have been impacted negatively or skewed because there were many potential variables that I could not account for. For example, stress could have affected self-esteem at the time participants were taking the survey due to the various commitments they might have had, which may have minimized the relationship between physical activity and self-esteem. Another variable that could have potentially explained the trends in the data is gender, which I did not account for during my analysis though I included it in my survey. It would have been interesting to see the impact of gender on the relationship between physical activity and self-esteem, especially since the split between male and female was much more equal than that between those who use social media and those who do not.

If I were to conduct this study again, I would attempt to gather a larger amount of data that has participants across all ages, races/ethnicities, and geographical location to better represent the population. In my survey, I would include questions about race/ethnicity as well as city that the participant is located in. Additionally, I would have to disseminate the survey through more reliable and random means, such as a paid service like Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Overall, though my study did not produce statistically significant results, I believe that there is a connection between the three variables of physical activity, social media use, and self-esteem that should be explored further.

References

Blair, S. N., & Nichaman, M. Z. (2002). The public health problem of increasing prevalence rates of obesity and what should be done about it.

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

,

77

(2), 109-113.
Hawi, N. S., & Samaha, M. (2017). The relations among social media addiction, self-esteem, and life satisfaction in university students.

Social Science Computer Review

,

35

(5), 576-586.
Mooney, E., Farley, H., & Strugnell, C. (2009). A qualitative investigation into the opinions of adolescent females regarding their body image concerns and dieting practices in the Republic of Ireland (ROI).

Appetite

,

52

(2), 485–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2008.12.012.
Rosenberg, M. (1965).

Society and the adolescent self-image

. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rousseau, S. (2015). The Celebrity Quick-Fix.

Food, Culture & Society

,

18

(2), 265-287.
Zamani, S. H., Fathirezaie, Z., Brand, S., Pühse, U., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., Gerber, M., & Talepasand, S. (2016). Physical activity and self-esteem: testing direct and indirect relationships associated with psychological and physical mechanisms.

Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment

,

12

, 2617-2625. doi:10.2147/NDT.S116811

Appendix

Full Scales

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES):

I feel that I’m a person of worth, at least on an equal plane with others.
I feel that I have a number of good qualities.
All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure.
I am able to do things as well as most other people.
I feel I do not have much to be proud of.
I take a positive attitude toward myself.
On the whole, I am satisfied with myself.
I wish I could have more respect for myself.
I certainly feel useless at times.
At time I think I am no good at all.

Rosenberg, M. (1965).

Society and the adolescent self-image

. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Physical Activity Scale:

I exercise almost every day for 30 minutes or longer
In a typical week, I am involved in moderate-intensity activity (i.e. walking, bicycling, gardening, etc.) that causes small increases in breathing or heart rate for at least 30 minutes continuously almost every day.
I am more active than I am sedentary in any given day.
I participate in vigorous physical activities (i.e. running, sports, lifting weights, etc.) that cause large increases in breathing or heart rate for at least 10 minutes continuously almost every day
My lifestyle is mostly sedentary.
I do not exercise.
I do not engage in activities that are moderate-intensity and make my heart rate increase or make me breathe harder than normal (i.e. carrying light loads, bicycling, walking, etc.)
I am not involved in vigorous physical activities that make me sweat or puff and pant (i.e. aerobics, heavy lifting, jogging, etc.)

NURSING EDUCATIONAL DEFICIT

September 3, 2024/in Uncategorized /by elias

NURSING EDUCATIONAL DEFICIT

Consider the clinical environment in which you are currently working or have recently worked. Identify a problem, issue, or educational deficit upon which to build a proposal for change.

In a paper of no more than 800 words, describe the nature of the problem, issue, or educational deficit. Include the following in your discussion:
1.The setting and/or context in which the problem, issue, or educational deficit can be observed.
2.Detailed description of the problem, issue, or educational deficit.
3.Impact of the problem, issue, or educational deficit on the work environment, the quality of care provided by staff, and patient outcomes.
4.Gravity of the problem, issue, or educational deficit and its significance to nursing.
5.Proposed solution to address the problem, issue, or educational deficit.

The Educational deficit is the lack of knowledge that a diet which consist of red meats and processed meats increases the incidence of cancer. Part of the solution is the adoption of a vegetarian diet or a reduction in the consumption of these meats

Please utilize at least one reference from the American Cancer Society.

Place your order now for a similar paper and have exceptional work written by our team of experts to guarantee you A Results

Describe why the healthy diets of adults and children may be different. Provide at least three examples of these differences.

September 3, 2024/in Uncategorized /by elias

Describe why the healthy diets of adults and children may be different. Provide at least three examples of these differences.

Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. How to complete and send your Assessment: Save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk Work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly When youve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference Then, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number. Name:Please note that this Assessment document has 9 pages and is made up of 4 Parts. Part 1: Understand how diet is linked to health 1. Define what is meant by the term healthy diet. A healthy diet is something that covers all of your bodys needs, and ensures that your body gets all the nutrients that it requires to stay healthy in day to day life. The things that you require will vary depending on a number of different factors including age, gender and activity levels. A healthy diet will consist of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals in the right proportion as needed by the body. It also involved drinking a good amount of water. 2. Describe why the healthy diets of adults and children may be different. Provide at least three examples of these differences. A healthy diet for adults provides everything the body needs to stay fit and healthy. Diets for children should provide everything they need to stay fit and healthy and also to grow properly. Children require fewer calories than adults. Lower fat diets are often recommended for older children and adults. Under fives need diets with relatively higher amounts of fat. Older children often have higher nutrient requirements than adults in order for them to grow properly. 14-18 boys need more B vitamins, calcium phosphorus and iron than adult men. 14-18 year old girls need more calcium, phosphorus and magnesium as they change in term so of getting their period and also grow than adult women. 3. Give an outline of at least three lifestyle diseases associated with unhealthy diets. a. Obesity If you are significantly overweight, you need to avoid further weight gain and you need to lose weight. Excess body fat is a lot to carry and hard on your heart. Your lungs have to work harder, too. b. Heart disease Caused by a build-up of fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries around the heart e.g pizza, sweets, chocolate c. Cancer cancers of the bowel, stomach, mouth, food pipe and breast. d. Dental disease In the UK tooth decay is very common over 50% of people suffer from it. The reason for it is that the acids breaking down the tooth. The acids come from fermented sugars and starches. Especially younger children are vulnerable to tooth decay because their enamel is still developing. Older people can suffer tooth decay because the enamel has been worn down. Therefore a balanced healthy eating can prevent losing a teeth. 4. Name three sources of energy in food. Then, identify the amount of energy that 1g of each source provides. Proteins – essential to growth and repair of muscle and other body tissues -1 gram = 4 calories Fats – one source of energy and important in relation to fat soluble vitamins- 1 gram= 9 calories Carbohydrates the source of energy to get energy and fuction all the organs-1 gram = 4 calories5. Based on your own diet and lifestyle… Estimate your own Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) Estimate your own Physical Activity Level (PAL) Based on these BMR and PAL values, estimate your total energy requirement. 655 + (4.35 x 14) x (4.7 x 5.7) (4.7 x 30) = 2272.41 kcal (BMR) 2272.41 kcal x 1.2 (PAL, not doing any sport at the moment) = 2726.89 (total energy requirements) 6. Identify at least two factors that can affect a persons energy requirements. 1. occupation-heavy physical work requires more energy than sedentary worker 2. body size and weight-the…; Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. How to complete and send your Assessment: Save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk Work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly When youve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference Then, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number. Name:Please note that this Assessment document has 9 pages and is made up of 4 Parts. Part 1: Understand how diet is linked to health 1. Define what is meant by the term healthy diet. A healthy diet is something that covers all of your bodys needs, and ensures that your body gets all the nutrients that it requires to stay healthy in day to day life. The things that you require will vary depending on a number of different factors including age, gender and activity levels. A healthy diet will consist of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals in the right proportion as needed by the body. It also involved drinking a good amount of water. 2. Describe why the healthy diets of adults and children may be different. Provide at least three examples of these differences. A healthy diet for adults provides everything the body needs to stay fit and healthy. Diets for children should provide everything they need to stay fit and healthy and also to grow properly. Children require fewer calories than adults. Lower fat diets are often recommended for older children and adults. Under fives need diets with relatively higher amounts of fat. Older children often have higher nutrient requirements than adults in order for them to grow properly. 14-18 boys need more B vitamins, calcium phosphorus and iron than adult men. 14-18 year old girls need more calcium, phosphorus and magnesium as they change in term so of getting their period and also grow than adult women. 3. Give an outline of at least three lifestyle diseases associated with unhealthy diets. a. Obesity If you are significantly overweight, you need to avoid further weight gain and you need to lose weight. Excess body fat is a lot to carry and hard on your heart. Your lungs have to work harder, too. b. Heart disease Caused by a build-up of fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries around the heart e.g pizza, sweets, chocolate c. Cancer cancers of the bowel, stomach, mouth, food pipe and breast. d. Dental disease In the UK tooth decay is very common over 50% of people suffer from it. The reason for it is that the acids breaking down the tooth. The acids come from fermented sugars and starches. Especially younger children are vulnerable to tooth decay because their enamel is still developing. Older people can suffer tooth decay because the enamel has been worn down. Therefore a balanced healthy eating can prevent losing a teeth. 4. Name three sources of energy in food. Then, identify the amount of energy that 1g of each source provides. Proteins – essential to growth and repair of muscle and other body tissues -1 gram = 4 calories Fats – one source of energy and important in relation to fat soluble vitamins- 1 gram= 9 calories Carbohydrates the source of energy to get energy and fuction all the organs-1 gram = 4 calories5. Based on your own diet and lifestyle… Estimate your own Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) Estimate your own Physical Activity Level (PAL) Based on these BMR and PAL values, estimate your total energy requirement. 655 + (4.35 x 14) x (4.7 x 5.7) (4.7 x 30) = 2272.41 kcal (BMR) 2272.41 kcal x 1.2 (PAL, not doing any sport at the moment) = 2726.89 (total energy requirements) 6. Identify at least two factors that can affect a persons energy requirements. 1. occupation-heavy physical work requires more energy than sedentary worker 2. body size and weight-the…

Industrial and Hazardous Waste Management

September 3, 2024/in Uncategorized /by elias

ORDER NOW FOR AN ORIGINAL PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER: Industrial and Hazardous Waste Management

Industrial and Hazardous Waste Management

Question 1

Discuss liquid effluent management strategies related to a sewer cleanout of a petrochemical facility.Your response should be at least 200 words in length. REFERENCE AFTER EACH QUESTION

Question 2

Discuss liquid effluent management strategies related to chemical cleaning operations within an oil refinery facility.Your response should be at least 200 words in length. REFERENCE AFTER EACH QUESTION

Question 3

Discuss the process for characterizing cake solids derived from a liquid treatment process as being either hazardous or non-hazardous.Your response should be at least 200 words in length. REFERENCE AFTER EACH QUESTION

Question 4

Discuss the relevance of the analytical testing methods as they relate to modeling waste behaviors in a landfill.Your response should be at least 200 words in length. REFERENCE AFTER EACH QUESTION

Question 1

Discuss liquid effluent management strategies related to a sewer cleanout of a petrochemical facility.Your response should be at least 200 words in length. REFERENCE AFTER EACH QUESTION

Question 2

Question 3

Question 4

Discuss the relevance of the analytical testing methods as they relate to modeling waste behaviors in a landfill.Your response should be at least 200 words in length. REFERENCE AFTER EACH QUESTION

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Impact of Defunding Planned Parenthood on Womens Healthcare Programs in the US

September 3, 2024/in Uncategorized /by elias

To what extent would the defunding of Planned Parenthood in the U.S. negatively affect women’s healthcare programs in the US and around the world?

Abstract:

This essay discusses the effects of potentially defunding Planned Parenthood. Specifically this paper investigates the extent of which the defunding of Planned Parenthood in the U.S. negatively affects

women’s health programs

in the US and around the world. This essay examines the various issues associated with defunding Planned Parenthood, and how this impacts not only citizens of the US, but women around the in many different countries throughout Latin America and Africa. This essay argues that defunding Planned Parenthood would have drastic negative effects across the world. In order to write this essay, I looked into many different sources and many various issues about my topic. I was able to find a lot of new information that made me see the importance of Planned Parenthood in ways that I don’t think many people have looked into, so this essay makes a point to address these issues for those who may not know about them. After my research I concluded that Planned Parenthood being defunded would have a devastating impact across the world, and everything we can do to not let that happen needs to occur.

Millions of women across the US and around the world receive the healthcare that they depend on through Planned Parenthood. Without access to Planned Parenthood, and it’s services these women would struggle to find the reliable healthcare that they need. President Trump ran his campaign on many promises, including the promise to “defund” Planned Parenthood. The term “defunding” has become a popular word to use when it is actually jarringly inaccurate. Planned Parenthood does not receive a spot in the federal government’s budget, nor does it receive any “blank check” to fill out whatever funds which it deems necessary. This is the image that anti-abortion people try to get the public to see, and in many cases it works. Essentially, “the majority of federal funds come through Planned Parenthood health centers via reimbursements for the medical services that they provide to patients who either have Medicaid coverage or qualify for other publicly funded health care programs like Title X” (Berg), exactly the same as most other health insurance policies. But there have been countless attacks from all levels of the government, demanding that the federal funding of Planned Parenthood to be stopped because they claim the only reason Planned Parenthood centers are open is to provide abortion services. These attacks come from politicians that are anti-choice abortion opponents who are threatening to defund an entire healthcare provider because of the sole reason that they offer abortion and abortion services, when in reality, only a very small percentage of their services are related to abortions, and none of the federal grants that Planned Parenthood receives can legally go towards providing any abortion services. But that is not what opponents want the public to see, “In 2011, Sen. Jon Kyl (R-AZ) claimed in a floor speech that over abortion is ‘well over 90 percent of what Planned Parenthood does.’”(Economic Impact). The accurate statistic is less than 3%. When confronted with the facts, Kyl’s press office released a provocative statement claiming that the original statement made by Kyl was “not intended to be a factual statement, but rather to illustrate that Planned Parenthood, an organization that receives millions of dollars in taxpayer funding, does subsidize abortions.” (Economic Impact). Even though this statement was revised, it achieved its goal of making the public hear from someone in power that Planned Parenthood is a company who uses millions of taxpayer dollars to provide abortions. It is typically failed to mention that Planned Parenthood is not only a major provider of women’s healthcare here in the US, but also has reaches all across the world in poverty stricken countries to provide them with a sole womens healthcare provider and other assorted services that would be nonexistent without Planned Parenthood. If the federal government decides to defund Planned Parenthood, a devastating effect would follow both in the United States, and in women’s health centers across the world in their overlooked assistance to many Latin American and African countries.

As the largest provider of reproductive healthcare in the US, Planned Parenthood performs a wide array of services to people who otherwise would not be able to afford it, with nearly 80% of the companies patients at or below 150% of federal poverty level. (Strickland). In a recent breakdown of the services by the number that Planned Parenthood provides, it becomes evident that the centers are crucial to the health and well being of women everywhere. Contraception accounts for around 34% of all services provided, and it is estimated that around 579,000 unintended pregnancies were avoiding due to Planned Parenthoods care in one year alone. Despite what many people think, only 3% of Planned Parenthood services are abortions, and according to CNN, nearly 80% of patients receive services to prevent unintended pregnancies. Prenatal care is also a beneficial services that 17, 419 women received in a 2014 breakdown. The largest proportion of services they account for (42%), is in the screening and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, with 4.2 million STD tests and treatments provided. Planned Parenthood also provides around 270,00 pap smears (cervical cancer screenings), and 360,000 breast exams to women per year. Planned Parenthood also is a large provider of accurate and updated sex education to over 1.5 million people per year in places where young people may not have access to reliable information or where they have been misinformed. They also offer cholesterol and diabetes testing for anyone, and can provide certain vaccinations. All of these services are crucial to the well being of many women, and without it many women would be vulnerable. Defunding Planned Parenthood and closing their centers would also cause a disproportionate burden on poverty stricken communities since the main users of Planned Parenthood are low income individuals or in underserved communities, with Planned Parenthood centers being their only option for quality care. Low income individuals and families on Medicaid makeup half of the patients at Planned Parenthood. “In addition, more than half of Planned Parenthood health centers are in rural or medically underserved areas. These are communities where there are not enough providers to adequately serve the community’s needs and where lower-income consumers often struggle to find a health care provider they can afford. In these areas, Planned Parenthood is on the front lines, helping ensure that patients have timely access to care.” (Four Reasons Planned Parenthood Is an Essential Health Care Provider).

Although Planned Parenthood is thoroughly developed and utilized in the United States, there are countless organizations that Planned Parenthood extends their services to beyond the reach of the US. Countries in Latin America; Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, and in parts of Africa; Kenya, Nigeria, Nicaragua, Burkina Faso, Sengal, and Uganda, have small grassroot organizations that are partnered with Planned Parenthood to help advance the healthcare and rights of the underprivileged. Although Planned Parenthood centers are not located outside of the US, they have strong partnerships and provide many necessary resources, information, and unwavering support. They “help grassroots organizations develop solid reproductive health programs, identify other sources of funding, build their communications and advocacy skills, and develop strategic plans.” (About Planned Parenthood Global), to places where over 200 million people lack accessibility to family planning options. Like in the US, Planned Parenthood allies across the world provide reliable sex education to tens of thousands of men, women, and young adults. In Uganda, for example, Planned Parenthood partners are working to fight the recent ban on comprehensive sex education. They are also working to increase access to long term birth control options such as IUDs and safe abortion care that is within the law. In 2006, Nicaragua enacted a complete abortion ban. This means that it is illegal even in cases of rape, incest, and when the life of the mother and/ or child is at risk. In addition to this, access to reproductive healthcare Nicaragua, Uganda, Guatemala, and Sengal is rarely available, and Planned Parenthood Global is helping to make changes in that. Lack of healthcare and rights of women in countries like these that Planned Parenthood aids accounts for pregnancy being a leading cause of death for adolescent girls worldwide, “nearly 70,000 (adolescent girls) die every year from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth.” (About Planned Parenthood Global).

Apart from providing essential healthcare to people in these areas and in the US, Planned Parenthood is also a front fighter for women’s rights in aspects other than healthcare. In Senegal, for example, Planned Parenthood Global allies are leading the fight for women’s social and political equality. In this country women are still viewed as inferior to men and are not regarded the same as their male counterparts. Apart from being forced out of school and into early forced marriages causing issues with unsafe and unwanted teen pregnancy, females in Senegal are also not allowed to take part in the political process. Planned Parenthood is fighting to further advance these basic humans rights in places where the people are so oppressed that they would never be able to gain their rights on their own.

Essentially, the federal money that Planned Parenthood receives comes only in the form of reimbursements from Medicaid programs for all of the services that they provide other than abortion. “Because the Hyde Amendment already prevents any federal dollars from going toward abortion procedures, these reimbursements are strictly for preventative services such as birth control, cancer screenings, and annual exams” (Holter). “Defunding” would thus cause clinics to be forced to close or dramatically increase the price of their services, which most patients wouldn’t be able to afford since the majority of Planned Parenthood patients are far below the federal poverty level. This would also cause the closing of Planned Parenthood to disproportionately affect low income women who are already struggling to keep up with their healthcare. If they cant afford proper tests, screening, birth control, and other services, there would also be a high increase in the number of unexpected pregnancies and STDs for vulnerable women. An interesting point to consider is that 45% of births in America are covered by Medicaid (Holter), and more births inevitably means more Medicaid costs, causing an increase in federal funds. There would also be a drastic increase in the number of STDs and STIs, possibly causing another serious STD outbreak, “When Vice President-Elect Mike Pence slashed Planned Parenthood funding as governor of Indiana, it shut down the only HIV testing center in rural Scott County. The Planned Parenthood in the county didn’t even offer abortion services, but was still shut down amid the defunding campaign.” (Curry), an HIV epidemic took over the county and public health emergency was declared. Situations such as these have occured in other places as well, but it was particularly noteworthy that this healthcare center was shut down because of anti-abortion protests to Planned Parenthood while the center did not even offer those types of services. A commonly talked about “solution” for the patients of Planned Parenthood is for all of their patients to be transferred to a Federally Qualified Health Center, or FQHC for short. But there are a countless number of major flaws in this plan. One main problem is that there often aren’t any FQHCs in a lot of the underserved communities that Planned Parenthood operates in, so those women quite literally wouldn’t have anywhere to go. And although the number of FQHCs do outnumber the current number of Planned Parenthood centers, a number of FQHCs don’t offer contraceptive care at all, and many others only serve less than ten contraceptive care clients in a year. This would create a dramatic stress on current FQHCs to double or even triple their caseload in order to keep up with former Planned Parenthood patients. It is being overlooked that many FQHCs don’t offer contraception and contraceptive care, which is the majority of Planned Parenthood’s services. When pressuring FQHCs to deal with Planned Parenthood patients there would most likely be an overwhelming stress on the health centers that would cause more harm than good in terms of government funding.

A large part of what Planned Parenthood does for countries across the world is helping other startup organizations fight for the rights of their people. Without a strong widely-known leader such as Planned Parenthood, these organizations would have very little guidance in terms of fighting for what they need. An example of this is in Senegal, where women are acceptably viewed as inferior to men, and they are given none of the same treatment. Planned Parenthood in this country help work to provide any forms of female health care, but equally importantly, they fight to advance the rights of women and girls in the country in other aspects such as the political process and access to education. In countries like these, it is nearly impossible for women to stand up to have their voices heard. Planned Parenthood supporting and guiding the organizations in Senegal and in similar countries are helping to advance not only women’s healthcare rights, but also basic human rights in places that would otherwise not have any way for women to act out. Essentially, if Planned Parenthood gets defunded and ceases to exist, there will be no one to fill there place in these struggling countries. The FQHCs that are the so called “plan” for all of the issues that Planned Parenthood works on on a daily basis, does not account for and will not step in to continue aiding these women, because that is not what they are meant to do. Defunding Planned Parenthood therefore, would have the effect of possibly letting the human rights of women in many Central American and African countries fall into a downward path of regression, letting all the hard work that these people have tried to create go to waste.

Although Planned Parenthood has not been federally “defunded”, we have got to see a miniscule amount of the potential damage that defunding could have because of circumstances where Planned Parenthood resources were partially limited. The devastating effects were seen in 2013, when Texas cut out funding for Planned Parenthood healthcare centers. “Researchers studying the impact found a 35 percent drop in women using long-acting contraception and a 27 percent rise in births among women who had previously used injectable contraception.” (Defunding of Planned Parenthood Would Leave Thousands of Women Without Care). That is an enormous change in percentages for these factors, and these led to a cascade of irreversible outcomes such as unplanned births and undiagnosed STIs. Other research studies from this and similar instances have pointed to having lack of access to and getting breast exams and pap smears. When you take away a woman’s ability to be able to be screened for breast and cervical cancer easily and with the professionals that she feels comfortable with, that is crossing a line that everyone, including those who are anti abortion, should be able to see clearly. When you defund Planned Parenthood it is guaranteed that a number of women will lose access to and go without life saving cancer screenings, and that should not be tolerated.

Defunding Planned Parenthood should not be about a personal opposition to abortion. Planned Parenthood is about much more than that, it is about making healthcare for women accessible, affordable, and compassionate. They have healthcare centers in the US that offer a variety of services to women including contraceptive care, cancer screenings, and STD testing and treatment. They also work with grassroot organizations in struggling countries to assist them in providing healthcare as well as much needed support. The argument of people who support defunding point out that FQHCs would assume Planned Parenthoods clients, but this plan is very flawed. Planned Parenthood caters to their clients needs, specifically to those in very rural areas where there are no FQHCs in a reasonable vicinity to them. Many FQHCs also do not offer contraception care which accounts for a large portion of what Planned Parenthood does. Not to mention the impact that defunding would have on the struggling nations that Planned Parenthood works with. Without their help, they will have no one to step up and support them in their most vulnerable state. When Planned Parenthood was limited in past instances, chaos and problems occured, so the devastation that will occur already has had a preview to it. When Planned Parenthood was limited previously mass STD outbreaks have occured, birth rates have risen, and widespread lack of availability of contraception has occurred. If Planned Parenthood is eliminated entirely, the consequences will be much more severe. Defunding Planned Parenthood would have a very substantial impact here in the US, and around the world. For this reason it is important that we fight to ensure that women have the reliable access to affordable healthcare that they have worked for and deserve.

Bibliography:

Berg, Miriam. “How Federal Funding Works at Planned Parenthood.”

Planned Parenthood Action Fund

, National – PPACTION, www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/blog/how-federal-funding-works-at-planned-parenthood.
“Beyond the Rhetoric: The Real-World Impact of Attacks on Planned Parenthood and Title X.”

Guttmacher Institute

, 29 Aug. 2018, www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2017/08/beyond-rhetoric-real-world-impact-attacks-planned-parenthood-and-title-x.
Curry, Coleen. “Planned Parenthood: What Will Happen If Congress Slashes Its Funding.” Global Citizen, www.globalcitizen.org/de/content/planned-parenthood-what-will-happen-if-congress-sl/.
“Defunding Planned Parenthood Would Leave Thousands of Women Without Care.”

Center on Budget and Policy Priorities

, 11 Oct. 2017, www.cbpp.org/blog/defunding-planned-parenthood-would-leave-thousands-of-women-without-care.
“Economic Impact of Defunding Planned Parenthood: the Debate around Women’s Healthcare.”

Penn Wharton Public Policy Initiative

, publicpolicy.wharton.upenn.edu/live/news/2073-economic-impact-of-defunding-planned-parenthood.
Holter, Lauren. “6 Things That Would Happen If Planned Parenthood Was Defunded.” Bustle, Bustle, 17 Dec. 2018, www.bustle.com/p/what-would-happen-if-planned-parenthood-was-defunded-6-frightening-options-2950007.
Parenthood, Planned. “About | Planned Parenthood Global.”

Planned Parenthood

, www.plannedparenthood.org/about-us/planned-parenthood-global/who-we-are.
Strickland, Ashley. “Planned Parenthood: Fast Facts and Revealing Numbers.”

CNN

, Cable News Network, 1 Aug. 2017, www.cnn.com/2015/08/04/health/planned-parenthood-by-the-numbers/index.html.
“Why Defunding Planned Parenthood Is a Bad Idea.”

NWLC

, 29 Oct. 2015, nwlc.org/blog/why-defunding-planned-parenthood-bad-idea/.

What if a pharmacist was not part of the team, what would be missing in your patient’s care?

September 3, 2024/in Uncategorized /by elias

What if a pharmacist was not part of the team, what would be missing in your patient’s care?

Paper , Order, or Assignment Requirements

You are a member of an interdisciplinary team which consists of a:-
? pharmacist (you)
? general practitioner
? registered nurse
? paramedic
? radiographer or radiation therapist
? dietician
? occupational therapist
*Each team will be assigned a patient case by Week 2 after team memberships are finalised.
Your team’s task is to:-
1. Justify your role and the skills you have as a pharmacist that make you integral to the interdisciplinary team and care of this patient. Use the 8 employability domains to help you do this. Hint: what if a pharmacist was not part of the team, what would be missing in your patient’s care?
2. Outline and explain the roles and skills of other non-pharmacist healthcare professionals in your healthcare team that are integral to the care of this patient. Hint: what if a specific healthcare professional were not part of the team, what would be missing in your patient’s care?
3. Explain how collaboration between you, the pharmacist, and each non-pharmacist healthcare professional, results in them doing their job more effectively? Hint: What if there was no collaboration between the other healthcare professionals and the pharmacist, how would this be detrimental to your patient’s care?

A 26-year-old woman is seen with complaints of irregular vaginal bleeding. Which of the following tests should be the first priority?

September 3, 2024/in Uncategorized /by elias

A 26-year-old woman is seen with complaints of irregular vaginal bleeding. Which of the following tests should be the first priority?

a. Pregnancy test

b. Pelvic ultrasound

c. Endometrial biopsy
d. Platelet count

Benefits of Quitting Smoking

September 3, 2024/in Uncategorized /by elias

Group name

: Anca Manaf, Asmita Ghale, Comfort Kumi, Hannah Cotton, Ma-Myo Thuzar.

Introduction

This essay attempts to discuss the health promotion activity on the benefit of quitting smoking. The assessment of health need, epidemiology, demography, current national or local health policies, identification of target group, approaches chosen will be discussed. Ultimately, this essay will evaluate the effectiveness of the health promotion activity.

Assessment of health need

Health need assessment (HNA) is an essential component of effective health promotion (Carroll, 2004). According to Cavanagh and Chadwick (2005), HNA is a systematic approach of recognising priority health issues, targeting the populations with the most need and taking actions in the most cost-effective and efficient way. MacDowall, Bonell and Davies (2006) stated, HNA is important for health promotion as it provide an opportunity to engage with specific populations and enable them to contribute to targeted service planning and resource allocation.

Bradshaw (1972) therefore outlines the four main categories of needs; normative need, comparative need, felt need and expressed need. Hence, normative need was the chosen need for the health promotion activity. Consequently, this need was chosen for the health promotion activity as it is based on the opinion and experience of experts according to the current research and findings (Wills, 2011). They will provide advice, evidence based information, provide individual with range of services, techniques and support them throughout the process of quitting (Will, 2011).

Epidemiology and demography, data and trends

The number of smokers over the age of 16 in the UK is reducing, from a high of 45% in 1974 to 21% of men and 20% of women in 2010 (Rutter, 2013). Smoking is most common in those aged under 35; 32% in people aged between 20 and 24, and 27% in those aged 25 to 40 (Lader, 2007). It is least common among people aged 60 and over (Public Health England, 2012). Prevalence of smoking among people in the routine and manual socio-economic group (33%) continues to be higher than amongst those in the managerial and professional group (14%) (Public health England, 2013). In England, 2010-2011, 459,900 of NHS hospital admissions were attributable to smoking among adults aged 35 and over (ASH, 2013). Among pregnant women, smoking prevalence is highest for those under aged 35 (Penn and Owen 2002; Sproston and Primatesta, 2004).

Smoking is the leading cause of preventable deaths and disease in the UK (Cancer Research UK, 2012). About half of all life-long smokers will die prematurely, losing on average 10years of life. Findings has shown that smoking related deaths are from; lung cancer, respiratory disease and circulatory disease (Huffman, 2003). This attributed to; 36% (22,500) of all respiratory deaths, 28% (37,400) of all cancer death and 14% (18,100) of all circulatory disease (Public health England, 2012). In 2011, there were a total of 442,759 deaths of adults aged 35 and over in England of which 79,100 (18%) were estimated to be attributable to smoking (ASH, 2013).

Target group and why health promotion is required

The target group for our health promotion activity is focused on smokers. This is because recent statistics has shown that smokers have a significantly increased risk of avoidable mortality and morbidity compared to non-smokers (Heidrich et al, 2007). Thus, Petrosillo and Cicalini (2011) identified that, the major causes of this excess mortality and morbidity among smokers are diseases that are related to smoking such as; cancer and respiratory and circulatory disease. Therefore, health promotion will be required as it is aimed at raising awareness of the health dangers of smoking and tobacco use, and encouraging smokers to try and quit, doing so in the most effective way (DOH, 2013) by providing motivational advice and support.

Is smoking a public health issue

Smoking is one of the biggest threats to public health, costing more than 120,000 lives per year in the UK (Peto et al, 2004).

Behaviour factors affecting health issue

Research identified ranges of behavioural factors that influence uptake and pattern of smoking (Nichter, 2003). Some of these behavioural factors include; addiction and attitude to smoking.

Being addicted are commonly mentioned reasons for keeping people smoking (Siqueira et al, 2001). People tend to find it difficult to quit smoking because they are addicted to the effects of nicotine addiction. Research reports that smokers who consider themselves to be addicted to nicotine had not expected to become so when they had started smoking (Balch et al, 2004). Furthermore, smokers who have attempted to quit smoking experience withdrawal symptoms including; cravings, difficulty dealing with stressful situations, increased appetite, frustration, irritability and anxiety (Siqueira et al., 2001)

Having more positive attitudes towards smoking has been repeatedly related to an increased risk of smoking (Buller et al, 2003). Smokers have more positive attitudes towards the mental effects, appearance features and are less concerned about negative physical and social consequences.

Policies:

A recent policy that was relevant to the health promotion activity was developed by DOH in 2013, called reducing smoking. Its stresses that high prices put people off smoking, most especially young people and people on lower incomes. Therefore, the government aims to continue to set tax rates high enough to discourage people from smoking, provide updated guidelines to make it easier for local trading standards and HM Revenue & Customs officers to work in collaboration to enforce the law against fake and smuggled tobacco. The policy also highlighted that the government will continue to run ‘smokefree’ campaigns to encourage people to change their behaviour.

In 2005, the WHO issued a global policy by developing a framework convention on tobacco control, which provides international cooperation to support tobacco control. The initiative of the policy is to protect the present and future generations from the devastating health consequences of tobacco consumption, by providing a framework for tobacco control measures to be implemented worldwide. The tobacco control measures includes; price and tax policies, bans on tobacco advertising, protection from exposure to second-hand smoke, education and public awareness measures, regulation of tobacco product contents and disclosures treatment for tobacco dependence, and measures to combat illicit trade.

Approach

Health promotion has been applied to wide range of approaches to improve health of people, communities and populations. Naidoo & Wills (2009) acknowledged that there are five different approaches to health promotion, which are; medical, behavioural change, educational, empowerment and social change. However, the approach chosen, to this health promotion activity was the educational approach. This approach was chosen to provide knowledge and information to the target group on the benefit of quitting smoking, the support available and develop the necessary skills in order to enable them make well-informed and rationale choices about their lifestyles and behaviour (Gottwald & Brown, 2012), through provision of leaflet, visual displays and one-one education. Health belief model (1974) proposed that, people need to have some kind of cue such as; one-one-education, distributing of leaflet, mass media campaign, to take action to change behaviour or make a health-related decision. This information provided will help them explore their values and attitudes and a willingness to change behaviour and lifestyles.

An advantage of educational approach is that, it enables individuals to develop their knowledge and change their attitude (Gottwald & Brown, 2012). However, Naidoo & Wills (2009) expressed that; educational approach can be time consuming and individual may not make healthy choices.

Aims and objectives

The aim for the health promotion activity is to promote smoking cessation by increasing awareness of the benefits of quitting smoking. The SMART objectives were; by the end of this session, the participants will understand three benefits of quitting smoking, be able to name two diseases caused by smoking and be aware of where to get help.

Evaluation

Evaluation is an essential element of systematic programme planning (Timmereck, 2003). It is important to assess whether an activity has met its objectives and find out if method used were appropriate and efficient, as it will give a sense of achievement and help work out ways to improve for future (Raingruber, 2014). Therefore, Naidoo & wills (2009) identified that, there are three stages of evaluation; process, impact and outcome.

Process evaluation involves assessing the activities in the program and quality of the program (Naidoo & Wills, 2009). The group used posters, leaflets, NHS free quitting kits, cigarette timeline, AR lung website and one-one communication to address different learning styles, providing information to the target audience that came to the stand. Findings on learning styles Kolb (1984) has shown that people learn differently, so using a range of styles allow for the use of range of learning experiences to help learners develop a wider repertoire than their usually preferred style ( Bunton & Macdonald, 2002).

The posters were colourful, and clear at first glance, appealing and had catchy slogans to attract the attention of the target group. Koelen, Anne & Ban (2004) suggested that, posters should be eye-catching, appealing and stimulate the viewer to think about the content of the message in order to achieve the desired objectives. Leaflets were distributed to the target audience during the one-one communication and education. According to Koelen, Anne and Ban (2004) leaflet may have a meaningful function following interpersonal communication. This leaflet comprises of information of the health benefits of quitting smoking, advice on how to stop smoking, stop smoking service and getting professional support. Therefore, this will enable them to re-read the information given at own pace and at the moment they have a need for this information.

The NHS free quitting kit was employed by the group of health promoters to the target audience to help them think about reasons for quitting and recognising the triggers that can make them crave cigarettes, improving their chances of quitting successfully. The NHS free quitting helped the target audience work out how much money they will be saving by quitting. The cigarette timeline contained information of the health benefit of quitting smoking and the healing process, that is, what happens in the body when a person stops smoking. The AR lung website was used as a shock tactic to demonstrate to the participants the damage smoking does to their lungs. In addition, the group communicated effectively with the participant, ensuring that the language used was clear, understandable and Jargon free to convey messages (Lehman & Dufrene, 2008).

Impact evaluation involves measuring the immediate effects of the program (Naidoo & Wills, 2009). In measuring the effect of the activity, questionnaires were handed out to the participants to collect immediate feedback and assessed their level of knowledge at the end of the activity (Powell, 2009). It consisted of few questions that assessed the participant’s on their knowledge and understanding of the benefit of quitting smoking. The data collected showed that, 93.3% of the participants were able to name three benefit of quitting smoking. 80% of the participant answered the questions correctly in regards to diseases caused by smoking. 40% of the participant knew the three available services of helping people to quit smoking.

100% thought the activity was very useful; however, this may not be accurate as participants may find it difficult to give negative feedbacks due to the presence of the group. 60% of the participant did not suggest any further improvement for the activity; nevertheless, 40% requested for free freebies. The second and third questions were misinterpreted by the participant which may have been the reason why 80% incorrectly answered the question. Therefore, in future when writing the questionnaire, the health promoters will ensure the questionnaires are re-framed in a much easier format, to aid easy understanding.

The table was not big enough to contain all our leaflet, therefore In future, a bigger table will be deemed necessary for any future health promotion activity. Also, the group will have more interactive game and free freebies to attract more participants to the campaign.

Outcome evaluation involves measuring the long-term effect of the program (Naidoo & wills, 2008). The outcome will be unrealistic to measure as it will be difficult to gather participants together again due to the small scale of the activity, lack of resources necessary for undertaking the survey and time to assess participants in the future. Boltz (2012) suggested, outcome evaluation is more complex, difficult, costly and time consuming to implement. Therefore, HP activity on the benefit of quitting smoking can be carried out in the hospital and community, as supported by Youndan (2005), nurses are in frequent contact with smokers in the community and hospital, therefore, the role of nurse as a health promoter is important. WHO (2014) suggested that, smoking is one of the biggest threats to public health; hence, nurses are in a major position to help people quit by offering encouragement, providing information and refer them to smoking cessation services. In addition to Christensen (2006), nurses have a wealth of skills and knowledge and must be able to use this knowledge to empower people to make lifestyle changes and choices. These skills include; excellent communication and negotiation skills, caring and empathetic, non-judgemental and counselling skills (priest, 2013).

Conclusion

Health promotion is carried out in order to enable individual increase their control and improve their state of health. Undertaking this health promotion activity has broadened student’s understanding on the important of health promotion in nursing.

WORD COUNT: 2, 197

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Carroll, P. (2004).

Community health nursing: A practical guide

. Canada: Delmar, division learning.

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